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Biology - AS > 3.1 biological molecules > Flashcards

3.1 biological molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a monomer

A

small units from which larger molecules are made

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2
Q

what is a polymer

A

molecules made from a number of monomers joined together

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3
Q

what is a condensation reaction

A

a reaction which joins two molecules together forming a chemical bond, removing a molecule of water

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4
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction

A

a reaction which breaks a a chemical bond with the addition of water

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5
Q

what are the uses of carbohydrates

A

energy source - respiration
energy store - starch and glycogen
structure - cellulose

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6
Q

what is the bond between 2 carbohydrates

A

glycosidic

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7
Q

what are the monomers of maltose

A

2 alpha glucose molecules

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8
Q

what are the monomers of lactose

A

glucose and galactose

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9
Q

what are the monomers of sucrose

A

glucose and fructose

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10
Q

what is the monomer of glycogen

A

alpha glucose

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11
Q

what is the monomer of starch

A

alpha glucose

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12
Q

what is the monomer of cellulose

A

beta glucose

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13
Q

how does the structure of glycogen relate to its function

A

long and highly branched chain of a-glucose, stored glucose can be released quickly for respiration for energy release.
very compact, alot can fit in a small place
insoluable, doesnt affect the water potential of cells

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14
Q

structure of amylose (starch)

A

long and unbranched chain of a-glucose with 1-4 glycosidic bonds giving it a coiled structure which is good for storage.

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15
Q

structure of amylopectin (starch)

A

long and branched chain of a-glucose with 1-4 and 1-6 bonds, branched structure allowing for release of glucose for production of energy.

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16
Q

structure of cellulose

A

b-glucose with straight unbranched chains. the chains run parallel linked by hydrogen bonds. the large number of h-bonds allows for strength in the structure. the chains form microfibrils.

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17
Q

similarities of starch and cellulose

A

both molecules are polymers, both contain glucose and glycosidic

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18
Q

differences of starch and cellulose

A

starch contains a-glucose, cellulose contains b-glucose
starch is coiled and branched, cellulose has parallel chains

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19
Q

test for reducing sugars

A
  1. add benedicts reagent and heat
  2. colour change from blue to brick red
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20
Q

what is the use of excess benedicts reagent

A

to ensure all the sugars have reacted.

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21
Q

test for non-reducing sugars

A
  1. add HCl and heat - this hydrolyses any glycosidic bonds-
  2. neutralise with an NaOH
  3. colour change from blue to brick red
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22
Q

test for starch

A
  1. add iodine
  2. colour change from brown to blue - black
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23
Q

structure of an ATP molecule

A

adenine bas, ribose sugar and 3 phosphate groups

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24
Q

what enzyme hydrolyses ATP

A

ATP hydrolase

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25
Q

hydrolysis reaction of ATP

A

ATP -> ADP and Pi

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26
Q

how is ADP and Pi resynthesised ( equation, reaction and enzyme)

A

ADP + Pi -> ATP
condensation reaction between ADP and Pi removing a molecule of water

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27
Q

3 ways ATP is used as an energy source

A

energy is released in small amounts so it is not wasted.
soluable so it is easily transported around the cell
energy is rapidly released as there is one reaction

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28
Q

why is ATP a better energy source than glucose

A

1 ATP molecule releases less energy than 1 glucose molecule so it is more manageable
energy is released quicker in the single step of the hydrolysis ATP compared to the long process of respiration

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29
Q

how can ATP make an enzyme - catalysed reaction take place often

A

ATP provides a phosphate which can attach to a molecule and make it more reactive, lowering its Ea

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30
Q

structure of water

A

one oxygen atom joined to 2 hydrogen atoms in a covalent bond. a water molecule is dipolar, hydrogen has a partial + charge and oxygen has a partial - charge. the partial charges allows molecules to bond to eachother

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31
Q

metabolite property of water

A

many metabollic reactions involve hydrolysis and condensation reactions which both involve water

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32
Q

high latent heat of vaporisation

A

alot of energy required to break the hydrogen bonds in water so when water vaporises the water loss is used as a cooling mechanism

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33
Q

high specific heat capacity

A

alot of energy required to heat up water by 1.c this means the temp of water doesnt change easily, maintaing a stable enviroment.

34
Q

solvent property of water

A

as water is polar it dissolves other substances allowing for transport

35
Q

cohesion property of water

A

water molecules are cohesive as they are polar, this allows for transpiration

36
Q

use of iron ions in the body

A

Fe2+ found in the structure of haemoglobin, allows for O2 to bind to the ion and be transported around the body

37
Q

use of phosphate ions in the body

A

Phosphate ions used in ATP and DNA, breaking bonds between phosphate ions releases energy

38
Q

use hydrogen ions in the body

A

used to calculate pH, more H+, the more acidic the enviroment.

39
Q

use of sodium ions in the body

A

allows for glucose and amino acids to be transported into a cell via co-transport

40
Q

2 types of lipids

A

triglycerides and phospholipids

41
Q

difference between triglycerides and phospholipids

A

triglycerides have one molecule of glycerol with 3 fatty acids attached
phospholipid has one molecule of glycerol, one phosphate and 2 fatty acids

42
Q

bond between glycerol and fatty acid

A

ester bond

43
Q

difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

A

saturated only have single C-C bonds
unsaturated contain C-C and C=C bonds

44
Q

why are lipids suitable for their role as energy storage molecules

A

they have long hydrocarbon chains which contain alot of chemical energy.
they are insoluble so dont affect the water potential of cells.

45
Q

why do triglycerides form insoluble droplets

A

the fatty acid tails are hydrophobic so face inwards to shield themselves from water with the hydrophilic phosphate heads

46
Q

how is the structure of phospholipids related to its function

A

hydrophilic phosphate head and hydrophobic fatty aid tail, double layer is formed with the heads facing outwards and tails facing inwards.

47
Q

test for lipids

A

add ethanol and shake.
add water and observe milky emulsion

48
Q

how are amino acids joined together

A

by condensation reactions between the carboxyl group of 1 amino acid and the amine group of another amino acid forming a peptide bond removing a water molecule

49
Q

describe the primary structure of a protein

A

the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

50
Q

describe the secondary structure of a protein

A

hydrogen bonds between amino acids in the polypeptide chain forming a coil into an alpha - helix or folded into a beta pleated sheet

51
Q

describe the tertiary structure of a protein

A

the secondary structure being further coiled to form a 3D structure. ionic, covalent and hydrogen bonds are formed aswell as disulphide bridges

52
Q

describe the quaternary structure of a protein

A

proteins made up of more than 1 polypeptide chain

53
Q

what is a globular protein

A

soluble proteins with a specific 3D shape e.g. haemoglobin and enzymes

54
Q

what is a fibrous protein

A

strong, insoluble proteins e.g. keratin and collagen

55
Q

test for proteins

A

add biuret to sample, observe colour change from blue to lilac

56
Q

4 functions of proteins

A

enzymes, antibodies, transport proteins and structural protiens

57
Q

what is a catalyst

A

a substance which speeds up a reaction without being used up by lowering the activation energy

58
Q

how are enzymes specific

A

they have a specific tertiary structure so have a specific active site

59
Q

describe the induced fit model

A

complementary substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme, forming an enzyme substrate complex, the active site changes shape slightly

60
Q

what are the 5 factors which affect rate of reaction

A

temp, pH, substrate conc, enzyme conc and conc of inhibitors

61
Q

effects of substrate conc on enzyme activity

A

increase substrate conc, increase chance of successful collisions, increase chance of forming ES complex increasing rate of reaction.
this continues until all active sites are full reaching maximum rate of reaction

62
Q

effect of enzyme conc on enzyme activity

A

increase enzyme conc, increase chance of successful collisions, increase chance of forming ES complex increasing rate of reaction.
this continues until all substrates have been used reaching maximum rate of reaction

63
Q

effect of temp on enzyme activity (before optimum temp)

A

as temp increase kinetic energy increases, molecules move faster, increasing chance of successful collisions, increasing chance of ES complex until optimum temp is reached.

64
Q

effect of temp on enzyme activity (after optimum temp)

A

bonds in tertiary structure break, active site denatures, ES complexes no longer form as substrate is no longer complementary.

65
Q

effect of pH on enzyme activity

A

pH which is not optimum leads to the active site being denatured as ionic and hydrogen bonds in the tertiary structure break

66
Q

competitive inhibitors

A

substance with a similar shape to the substrate and a complementary shape to the enzymes active site. causes fewer ES complexes to be made. over come by increasing substrate complex

67
Q

non-competitive inhibitors

A

a substance which binds to an allosteric site on the enzyme. causes the active site to change shape so it is no longer complementary to the substrate. no ES complexes made

68
Q

rate of reaction

A

volume of product produced / time

69
Q

monomers of DNA/RNA

A

nucleotides

70
Q

3 components on nucleotides

A

nitrogenous base, pentose sugar and a phosphate group

71
Q

pentose sugar in DNA and RNA

A

DNA - deoxyribose
RNA - ribose

72
Q

bases in DNA

A

adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine

73
Q

bases in RNA

A

adenine, uracil, cytosine and guanine

74
Q

bond between 2 nucleotides

A

phosphodiester

75
Q

structure of DNA

A

DNA is a polymer made up of nucleotides which are joined together in condensation reactions between a phosphate group of one nucleotide and the pentose sugar of another.
adjacent nucleotides are joined together by weak hydrogen bonds
A pairs with T
G pairs with C
the strands coil into a double helix

76
Q

how is the structure of DNA related to its function

A

double stranded- strands act as templates in semi-conservative replication
double helix- compact
complementary base pairing- allows for accurate replication

77
Q

structure of RNA

A

polymer made up of nucleotides, single stranded/ linear. a short polynucleotide. ribose pentose sugar
A pairs with U
G pairs with C

78
Q

differences between DNA and RNA

A

DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded
DNA contains deoxyribose sugar and RNA contains ribose pentose sugar
DNA contains thymine and RNA contains uracil

79
Q

why is DNA replication considered semi-conservative

A

half of the original DNA strand is part of the new DNA strand

80
Q

evidence for semi-conservative replication

A
  1. 2 samples of bacterial DNA grown under 15N or 14N
  2. bacterial DNA grown under 15N is heavier
  3. as the DNA is grown under 14N it gets lighter
81
Q

semi conservative replication

A
  1. DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the double helix unzipping the 2 strands
  2. free DNA nucleotides are attracted to the template strands and line up along the complementary base A+T, C+G
  3. DNA polymerase joins the nucleotides together in condensation reactions in the 5’ to 3’ direction
  4. two double helix strands are made where one strand is the original template strand and the second is the newly synthesised strand

Biology - AS (12 decks)

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