3.2.1 cells

Question 1

what is eukaryotic cell

Answer 1

cells which have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.

Question 2

structure and function of the cell-surface membrane

Answer 2

structure: phospholipid bilayer
function: regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell

Question 3

structure and function of the nucleus

Answer 3

structure: nuclear envelope(double membrane with pores)
chromosomes( linear structure of histone bound DNA)
nucleolus
functions: contains genetic material (DNA)
pores allow movement of mRNA
site of transcription
produces ribosomes

Question 4

structure and function of mitochondria

Answer 4

structure: double membrane , inner membrane is folded = cristae
matrix with enzymes
have own DNA and 70s ribosome

function: site of aerobic respiration, producing ATP

Question 5

structure and function of chloplasts

Answer 5

structure: double membrane, thylakoid membrane which are stacked to form grana
grana are linked together by lamellae
thylakoids are surrounded by stroma fluid
function: site of photosynthesis

Question 6

structure and function of golgi apparatus

Answer 6

structure: fluid filled membrane bound sacs - cisternae
function: processes and packages new lipids and proteins, makes lysosomes

Question 7

structure and function of lysosomes

Answer 7

structure: contain hydrolytic enzymes (lysozymes)
function: hydrolyse and digest invading cells

Question 8

structure and function of ribosomes

Answer 8

structure: made of proteins and rRNA
function: site of protein synthesis

Question 9

structure and function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Answer 9

structure: cisternae membrane covered in ribosomes
function: folds and processes proteins

Question 10

structure and function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Answer 10

structure: cisternae membrane with no ribosomes
function: synthesises and processes lipids

Question 11

structure and function of the cell wall

Answer 11

structure: made of cellulose in plants and algeae, made of chitin in fungi.
function: stops cells from changing shape, offers structure

Question 12

structure and function of vacuole

Answer 12

structure: found in the cytoplasm and contains cell sap
function: maintains pressure inside the cell and isolate unwanted chemicals

Question 13

how are epithelial cells specialised

Answer 13

small intestine is covered in villi which increases surface area for absorption, the villi have microvilli which further increase surface area, they have alot of mitochondria to release energy

Question 14

how are red blood cells specialised

Answer 14

thin membrane to allow easy diffusion of oxygen, biconcave shape to increase surface area for rate of diffusion, no nucleus to maximise space for oxygen molecules

Question 15

how is a leaf cell specialised

Answer 15

contains alot of chloroplast and alot can be packed together due to consistent shape

Question 16

what is a prokaryote

Answer 16

cell with no nucleus or membrane bound organelles

Question 17

structure of the prokaryotic cell wall

Answer 17

made of murein for support

Question 18

order of membranes of a prokaryote , inside - out

Answer 18

membrane, cell wall, capsule

Question 19

what is the function of the capsule

Answer 19

protect bacteria from attack

Question 20

what is a virus

Answer 20

acellular and non-living

Question 21

structure of a virus

Answer 21

nucleic acid surrounded by a capsid and protein coat. attachment proteins allow for the virus to attach to host cells.