Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology - AS > 3.2.3 immunity > Flashcards

3.2.3 immunity Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is an antigen

A

cell surface protein which stimulates an immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

2 types of immune response

A

cell mediated + humoral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

phagocytosis

A
  1. pathogen release chemical attracting phagocytes
  2. phagocyte binds to pathogen
  3. phagocyte engulfs the pathogen forming a phagosome
  4. phagosome fuses with lysosome to form phagolysosome.
  5. lysozomes/hydrolytic enzymes break down the pathogen
  6. the pathogens antibodys are presented on the surface of the phagocyte
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cell mediated response

A
  1. T cells bind to the antigen with complementary receptors
  2. The T cells divide by mitosis to form genetically identical cells.
  3. Cloned T cells develop into helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells and memory cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

role of helper T cells

A

release chemical signals which stimulate phagocytes and B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

role of cytotoxic T cells

A

kill abnormal and foreign cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

role of memory T cells

A

enable a rapid response to a secondary infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

humoral response

A
  1. B-lymphocyte binds to the complementary antigen
  2. B-lymphocyte divides by mitosis ( clonal expansion)
    3.producing plasma cells and memory B cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

role of plasma cells

A

secrete antibodies specific to one antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

structure of an antibody

A

quaternary structure
2 heavy chains and 2 light chains
disulfide bridge holding the 2 chains together
variable region which acts as the binding site
constant region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are monoclonal antibodies

A

antibodies which have been produced from 1 plasma cell from 1 B cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is active immunity

A

when the bodys immune system makes antibodies after being stimulated by an antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is passive immunity

A

when the body is given antibodies made by a different organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

example of passive and active immunity

A

passive - antibodies given to babies via breast milk or
antivenom
active - catching a disease or a vaccination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

secondary immune response

A

stronger and faster than a primary response
memory cells produced in the primary response quickly recognise the pathogen and divide to form plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how do vaccines prevent infection

A

vaccines contain antigens of a dead pathogen
the antigen becomes presented on an phagocyte
a T cell will bind to the antigen, then dividing into B cells
B cells will divide into plasma cells and memory B cells
the memory B cells will remain in the body until a second infection, quickly producing antibodies complementary to the pathogen before the person become infected or shows any symptoms

17
Q

herd immunity

A

vaccinating large enough proportion of the population reducing carriers of the pathogen

18
Q

structure of HIV

A

RNA genetic material and reverse transcriptase
capsid
lipid envelope
attachment proteins on the lipid envelope

19
Q

how does HIV replicate

A
  1. attachment proteins on HIV bind to CD4 receptors on helper T cells
  2. capsid is released into the cell, releasing the genetic material in the cytoplam
  3. reverse transcriptase makes complementary strands of DNA from the RNA template
  4. HIV DNA is converted into double stranded DNA and then inserted into the cells DNA
  5. viral proteins are mode using the host enzymes
  6. viral proteins are assembled into new viruses which leave infected other cells
20
Q

how does HIV lead to AIDS

A

HIV weakens helper T cells, weakening the immune system. this makes people who show AIDS more susceptible to infection

21
Q

what is AIDS

A

when the number of T cells in the body are really low

22
Q

indirect ELISA

A
  1. add sample to plate, if antigen is present it will stick. wash
  2. add the antibody specific to the antigen. wash
    3.add second antibody with an enzyme attached. wash
    4.add substrae
  3. if there is a colour change shows the antigen was present in the sample
23
Q

difference between direct and indirect ELISA

A

direct - one antibody used
indirect - two antibodies used

24
Q

ethical issues using vaccines

A

production may use animals
dangerous side effects

25
Q

direct ELISA

A
  1. monoclonal antibody bins to bottom of plate. wash
    2.sample added, if it contains an antigen it will bind to the antibody. wash
  2. mobile antibody with an enzyme attached is added. wash
  3. substrate added which binds to the enzyme
  4. colour change means the sample contained the antigen
26
Q

ethical issues of monoclonal antibodies

A

production involves animals

Biology - AS (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions