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Biology 1020 > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

A bond between a very electronegative atom and a very electropositive atom, NaCl

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2
Q

Covalent bonds

A

A bond between two atoms with close electronegativities sharing an electron. H-H

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3
Q

Results of DNA transcription

A

tRNA, rRNA, and mRNA

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4
Q

tRNA

A

Amino acid adapter

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5
Q

rRNA

A

ribosome maker

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6
Q

mRNA

A

code templates

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7
Q

RNA function

A

makes structural, regulatory, transporter proteins, and enzymes

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8
Q

Nucleotide

A

Building block of DNA and RNA, made of a nitrogenous base attached to a pentose attached to a phosphate group

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9
Q

Enzyme function

A

Speed up chemical reactions, and perform metabolism on anything less than 1000 atoms

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10
Q

Metabolism

A

the chemical reactions in a cell that changes food into energy

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11
Q

Nitrogenous bases in DNA

A

Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), guanine (G), thymine (T)

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12
Q

Nitrogenous bases in RNA

A

Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Uracil (U)

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13
Q

Pentose

A

A sugar, either deoxyribose in DNA, or ribose in RNA

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14
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

Chains of only carbon and hydrogen

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15
Q

Cholesterol

A

A lipid in all cell membranes that maintains membrane fluidity

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16
Q

Estradiol (Steriod)

A

A sex hormone made using cholesterol as a starting molecule

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17
Q

Testosterone (Steriod)

A

Another sex hormone made using cholesterol as a starting molecule

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18
Q

Hydroxyl group

A

A very polar functional group (OH-), compound name - alcohol

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19
Q

Carbonyl group

A

Functional group (C=O),Compound name- ketone when in middle, aldehyde when at the end, very polar, sugars with ketones called ketosis, sugars with aldehydes called aldoses

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20
Q

Carboxyl group

A

Functional group COOH, acts acidic and very polar, compound name carboxylic acid

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21
Q

Amino group

A

functional group (NH2) Acts as a base, compound name amine

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22
Q

Sulfhydryl group

A

Functional group (SH-) also written as (HS-), moderately polar , react with each other to from bridges that stabilize protein structure. Compound name - Thiol

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23
Q

Phosphate group

A

Functional group (PO4) Very polar, contributes a negative charge, lets molecules react with water and release energy. Compound name - Organic Phosphate

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24
Q

Methyl Group

A

Functional group CH3, affects the expression of genes on DNA and proteins on RNA, affects shape and function of sex hormones, Compound name - Methylated compound

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25
Q

Fluidity

A

More double bonds less fluidity, Testosterone, Estradiol and Benzene, most to least fluidity

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26
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Communication between nerves and muscles

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27
Q

Inositol triphosphate

A

Internal cellular communication molecule

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28
Q

Monomer of Polysaccharides

A

Sugar

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29
Q

Monomer of Polypeptides and Proteins

A

Amino acids

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30
Q

Monomer of Fats and Phospholipids

A

Glycerol and Fatty acids

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31
Q

Monomer of DNA and RNA

A

Nucleotides

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32
Q

Dehydration Synthesis/Reaction

A

A reaction that links monomers by making one monomer hydroxyl group lose an hydrogen and the other hydroxyl group join the hydrogen and become water, removing a water and forming a new bond between monomers

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33
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Adding a water molecule to split a polymer into two monomers, opposite of Dehydration reaction

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34
Q

Sugar Components

A

All sugars have a carbonyl group, they vary in carbon number, carbonyl location (Stereo isomer) , hydroxyl symmetry (Structural Isomer), lots of hydroxyl

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35
Q

Monosaccharide

A

A sugar, glucose, 6 carbon chain, 5 hydroxyl and a carboxylic acid

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36
Q

How does glucose open and close

A

1st and fifth carbon combine to close the ring and move hydroxyl from fifth to first. Opened by a monomer, when open C4 and C5 connection can rotate

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37
Q

Alpha vs Beta Glucose

A

if hydroxyl formed when glucose closes points up its alpha, if it points down its beta

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38
Q

Dissacharides

A

Two Monosaccharides (Glucose) linked together through dehydration synthesis, 1st and 4th carbons are linked by an oxygen covalent bond.

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39
Q

Maltose

A

A disaccharide used in the formation of beer

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40
Q

Lactose intolerance

A

Beta linkage in milk is hard to break, broken by enzymes made in childhood of animals and life of humans. Lactose intolerance is only having this enzyme in childhood

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41
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

Means few sugars, small sugars stuck on the outside of lipid and protein membranes to act as an identifier

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42
Q

Fructans

A

An oligosaccharide

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43
Q

Galacto-oligosaccharide

A

An oligosaccharide

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44
Q

Types of Storage Polysaccharides found in animal tissue

A

Starch, amylose, amylopectin, glycogen

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45
Q

Storage Polysaccharide

A

Hold lots of glucose, can be broken down to provide glucose

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46
Q

Cellulose

A

A polysaccharide that plays a structural role in plant cell walls, cable like structure

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47
Q

Chitin

A

A polysaccharide made from the monomer (N-acetylglucosamine) (NAG), makes arthropod exoskeletons and fungi cell walls, uses hydrogen bonding between strands like cellulose to gain structural integrity

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48
Q

Fermentable

A

Sugars that are broken down by bacteria in our intestine producing gas and other by-products

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49
Q

Polyols

A

Sugar alcohols that humans can only partially digest, Low calorie sweeteners

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50
Q

Low calorie sweetener chemicals

A

Sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, maltitol, isomalt

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51
Q

Celiac disease

A

a disease where people can’t handle gluten at all

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52
Q

Are lipids true polymers

A

No they are not, they are small molecules less than 1000 atoms

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53
Q

Fats

A

Long Hydrocarbons with a carboxyl functional group at their end

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54
Q

Energy in Fats

A

Two times the energy of carbohydrate (per gram)

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55
Q

Fat Functions

A

Give insulation and cushioning for organs

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56
Q

Are Fats similar to gasoline

A

Yes very similar, but fats have a carboxyl group

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57
Q

Triglyceride

A

One glycerol Molecule, attached to three fatty acids via ester linkage

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58
Q

How long are fatty acids

A

Usually 16 or 18 carbons long

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59
Q

What is a glycerol

A

A sugar made from 3 carbons and 3 hydroxyl groups

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60
Q

Van der waals forces

A

Temporary dipoles formed by delocalized electrons, not evenly distributed, form weak temporary bonds between fatty acids

61
Q

Saturated Fats

A

A fatty acid with no double bonds, animal fats

62
Q

Adipose tissue

A

known as body fat, tissue that stores fats

63
Q

Unsaturated fats

A

A fat with at least one cis double bond

64
Q

Phospholipid

A

One Saturated fatty acid, One unsaturated fatty acid with a cis double bond, attached to a glycerol, and a phosphate group and then a special protein

65
Q

Choline

A

A common special protein on a phospholipid

66
Q

Amphiphilic

A

Single molecules that have both a hydrophobic bit and a hydrophilic bit

67
Q

Amphi

68
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

A formation of phospholipids in water, head goes outside and tails go inside, used in membranes

69
Q

Types of Lipids

A

Steroids, cholesterol, estradiol, testostorone

70
Q

Proteins

A

Polymers of amino acids

71
Q

Amino acids

A

A group with an Amino functional group a middle carbon with an r group and then a carboxyl functional group

72
Q

Alpha carbon

A

The carbon in the middle of an amino acid, asymmetric format

73
Q

How many common amino acids

A

20 amino acids

74
Q

Hypotonic

A

Lower osmosis pressure than another fluid

75
Q

Hypertonic

A

Higher osmosis pressure than another fluid

76
Q

Non Polar Amino Acids

A

Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Proline

77
Q

Polar Amino Acids

A

Serine, Threonine, Cysteine, Asparagine, Glutamine

78
Q

Ribosome

A

Amino acids are linked together by ribosome to form proteins

79
Q

Protein ends

A

Start at N-Terminus (Amino functional group) ends at C-terminus (Carboxyl functional group)

80
Q

Peptides

A

two or more amino acids joined together

81
Q

Primary Structure

A

the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide from N-C

82
Q

Secondary Structure

A

Shape of a protein based on polypeptide back bone H-bonding

83
Q

Alpha Helix

A

A secondary structure, spiral, every 4th amino acids hydrogen bonds

84
Q

Beta Sheet

A

Two or more parts of polypeptide lay side by side, hydrogen bonding between each strand

85
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

Overall 3-dimension shape of a polypeptide determined by the R Group chemistry

86
Q

Cysteine

A

A tertiary structure based of the joining of Sulfhydryl functional groups covalent bonding stabilizing the overall structure

87
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

Stable association of two or more polypeptides through R groups

88
Q

Collagen

A

A Quaternary Structure made from three alpha helix peptides intertwined together

89
Q

Hemoglobin

A

A quaternary structure made from Alpha and beta sheets

90
Q

Riboon Mpdel

A

A model of protein as secondary structures

91
Q

Space filling

A

Shows electron orbital shells of each atom in a protein (hard to see chemistry)

92
Q

Wireframe

A

Shows all covalent bonds in the backbone and R groups of proteins (good to see chemistry)

93
Q

Type of Bond is peptide bond

94
Q

Function of a Protein

A

Enzyme, storage, defense, transportation, acting as a receptor, contracting and acting as a motor, adding to the structure

95
Q

Isomers

A

Molecules with the same formula but different structures

96
Q

Sickle cell

A

A change in the primary structure of a hemoglobin, switching val and glu in the 6th spot, messes up blood

97
Q

Crystallography

A

Using x-rays and math to determine the shape of a protein

98
Q

DNA

A

polymer of nucleotides that stores genetic information

99
Q

Gene

A

A stretch of DNA that encodes for an RNA

100
Q

mRNA

A

polymer of nucleotides that carries the code from the nucleus to the cytosol

101
Q

Ribosome

A

protein and rRNA structure that translates mRNA code into amino acid sequences (proteins)

102
Q

Nucleosides

A

A pentose and a nitrogenous base

103
Q

Nucleotides

A

A nucleoside with one to three phosphate groups attached

104
Q

4 nitrogenous bases in RNA

A

Cytosine, Uracil, Guanine, Adenine

105
Q

4 nitrogenous bases in DNA

A

Cytosine, Thymine, Guanine,Adenine

106
Q

What is ATP

A

an RNA that acts as the main energy currency in a cell

107
Q

Cyclic AMP

A

A messenger molecule, (RNA)

108
Q

GTP

A

An RNA that regulates how proteins work

109
Q

DNA backbone

A

Goes from 3rd carbon end with a hydroxyl group, to 5th carbon end with a phosphate group

110
Q

Base Bonding

A

A-T or U and C-G

111
Q

DNA Strand direction

A

Run anti-parrallel, 5-3 and 3-5

112
Q

PCR

A

Polymerase chain reaction, melting DNA and adding a primer to it to replicate thousands of DNA

113
Q

Karl Mulius

A

Creator of PCR process

114
Q

PCR uses

A

Cloning Genes, Identifying DNA

115
Q

Agarose gel electrophoresis

A

Separates pieces of DNA depending on how long they are

116
Q

RNA backbones

A

Has less twist than a DNA

117
Q

Resolution

A

Separate two closely spaced things

118
Q

Cell fractionation

A

Isolating a part of a cell for ease in an experiment

119
Q

Centrifuge

A

A tool that spins a supernatant continuously to leave only with the smallest solid residue of a cell (ribosome)

120
Q

Lower limit of cell size

A

Need space to fit DNA and Macromolecules

121
Q

Upper limit of cell size

A

Must exchange material through membranes too stay alive, if too big not enough materials to go around

122
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

1 to 5 micro meters, enclosed by plasma membrane, cytol everywhere in the cell, simple cytoskeleton, no internal membrane

123
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

10 to 100 micrometers, enclosed by plasma membrane, Cytosol bound in membrane outside of nucleus, complex cytoskeleton

124
Q

Pro

A

Means before

125
Q

Karyote

A

Means nucleus

126
Q

Eu

A

means true

127
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The material or protoplasm withing a living cell except the nucleus

128
Q

Cytosol

A

The material in a cell not an organelle or nucleus

129
Q

Endomembrane theory

A

Eukaryotes came from a heterotrophic anaerobic prokaryotic cell

130
Q

Evidence of EM theory

A

Nucleus double membrane in EU touches ER meaning plasma membrane turned inside out and surrounded DNA

131
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

The double membrane that surrounds a nucleus

132
Q

Nuclear pores

A

Made of proteins, regulates what goes in or out

133
Q

Nuclear lamina

A

A cytoskeleton mesh of proteins on inside of inner membrane that helps keep a nucleus’s shape

134
Q

Chromatin

A

A mixture of protein (histone) and DNA in the nucleus

135
Q

Euchromatin

A

Unwound and accessible DNA genes

136
Q

Heterochromatin

A

Tightly wound inaccessible DNA

137
Q

Transcription factors

A

Proteins that allow transcription of a gene

138
Q

Nucleolus

A

A group of genes that encode rRNA, and transcribe them to make proteins, exists in the nucleus

139
Q

Ribosome subunits

A

rRNA assembled by proteins brought into the nucleus through pores

140
Q

Ribosome placement

A

In the cytosol or on the Rough ER

141
Q

Nucleoid

A

A specific place in a pro cell where DNA is anchored

142
Q

Pro DNA

A

A singular circular chromosome condesed into strands with no histones

143
Q

Plasmid

A

circular DNA carried by a prokaryote holding helpful genes

144
Q

Replication origin

A

The initial plasmid in Gene cloning

145
Q

Genecloning

A

Making a bacteria reproduce a plasmid gene

146
Q

Mitochondria

A

Extracts energy from c-c and c-h, carbs and fats and turns them to APT

147
Q

Chlorplast

A

plant mitochondria, converts photon energy into ATP and NADPH, uses energy t make carbohydrate c-c bond

Biology 1020 (6 decks)

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