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biological molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

adhesion

A

property of water
creates attraction between water and surfaces they are in contact with

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2
Q

amino acid

A

monomers containing:
an amino acid (NH2)
a carboxyl group (COOH)
a variable R group
makes up proteins

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3
Q

amylopectin

A

branched polysaccharide
made up of alpha glucose monomers
joined by a 1-6 glycosidic bonds
makes up starch (with amylose)

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4
Q

amylose

A

unbranched polysaccharide
made up alpha glucose monomers
joined by a 1-4 glycosidic bonds
makes up starch (with amylopectin)

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5
Q

anions

A

ion with negative charge

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6
Q

benedicts test

A

biochemical test
used to detect reducing sugar
distinguish concentrations

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7
Q

biuret test

A

biochemical test
produces purple colour when proteins is presence

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8
Q

cations

A

ions with a positive charge

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9
Q

cellulose

A

linear polysaccharide
main component of the cell wall in plants
made up of many beta glucose molecules
joined by b 1-4 glycosidic bonds

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10
Q

cohesion

A

property of water molecules
attraction between them
causes them to stick together

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11
Q

collagen

A

fibourous protein
provides strength
makes up connective tissues

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12
Q

confocal microscopy

A

uses lasers to scan a specimen point by point to produce an image

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13
Q

cytoskeleton

A

mesh of protein fibres found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

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14
Q

cytoskeleton function

A

used for structrual support and intracellular transport

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15
Q

golgi apparatus function

A

involved in the modification and packaging of proteins

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16
Q

lysosomes

A

membrane bound vesicles in the cytoplasm
contain lysozome (hydrolic enzyme)

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17
Q

plasma membrane

A

semipermeable lipid bilayer studded with proteins

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18
Q

RER function

A

involved in the synthesis and packaging of proteins

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19
Q

SER function

A

involved in the process of lipid synthesis

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20
Q

what is an amino acid

A

building blocks of proteins

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21
Q

what makes up starch

A

amylose and amylopectin

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22
Q

condensation reaction

A

reaction that joins two molecules together with the formation of chemical bond involving the elimination of a molecule of water

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23
Q

conjugated protein

A

protein with prosthetic group bound to it

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24
Q

elastin

A

fibrous protein that allows tissues and structures to return to their original shape

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25
Q

fibrous protein

A

class of long chain proteins
generally insoluble in water
typically have structural roles

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26
Q

globular protein

A

class of spherical shaped proteins generally water soluble
typically have metabolic roles

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27
Q

glucose

A

hexose monosaccharide
main respiratory substrate in eukaryotes

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28
Q

glycogen

A

highly branched polysaccharide
used as main energy storage molecule in animals
made up of alpha glucose monomers
joined by alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds

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29
Q

haemoglobin

A

type of conjugated globular protein
used to transport oxygen
made up of 4 polypeptide chains
each containing haem prosthetic group

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30
Q

hexose monosaccharide

A

simple sugar
contains 6 carbon atoms

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31
Q

hydrogen bond

A

weak bond
formed between electro positive hydrogen and electro negative atom

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32
Q

hydrolysis

A

breaking chemical bond
between two molecules
involving the use of a water molecule

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33
Q

insulin

A

globular protein hormone
made in the pancreas in response to detection of high glucose levels in the blood

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34
Q

iodine test

A

biochemical test
produces a blue/black colour when starch is present

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35
Q

keratin

A

type of fibrous protein
provides strength to hair and nails

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36
Q

lactose

A

disaccharide
made of a glucose and galactose
joined by glycosidic bond

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37
Q

lipid emulsion test

A

biochemical test
produces a cloudy emulsion when lipid is present

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38
Q

maltose

A

disaccharide
made of two molecules of glucose
glycosidic bond

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39
Q

monomer

A

individual unit
can be bonded to other identical monomers to make a polymer

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40
Q

pentose monosaccharide

A

simple sugar
contains 5 carbon atoms

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41
Q

phospholipid

A

type of amphipathic lipid
made from glycerol
bonded to two fatty acid molecules and a phosphate group

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42
Q

polymer

A

molecule made from many repeating monomer

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43
Q

primary structure

A

the individual sequence of amino acids in protein

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44
Q

quaternary structure

A

a structure only applicable to proteins with multiple polypeptide chains

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45
Q

ribose

A

a pentose monosaccharide which composes the backbone of RNA

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46
Q

saturated fatty acid

A

type of fatty acid molecule
contains only single bonds between carbon atoms

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47
Q

secondary structure

A

local interactions of the amino acids in the polypeptide chain

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48
Q

solvent

A

a liquid that solutes can dissolve in to form a solution

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49
Q

starch

A

polysaccharide
used for energy storage in plants
made up of alpha glucose joined together
forms of amylose and amylopectin

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50
Q

sucrose

A

dissaccharide
glucose and fructose joined by a glycosidic bond

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51
Q

tertiary structure

A

the whole protein folds to make a 3D structure

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52
Q

triglyceride

A

type of liquid formed from a molecule of glycerol
joined by ester bonds to 3 fatty acid molecules

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53
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A

fatty acid molecule
containing at least one double bond in the carbon chain

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54
Q

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

a nucleotide
consisting of a molecule or ribose joined to the nitrogenous base adenine and 3 phosphate groups

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55
Q

degenerate (genetic code)

A

some amino acids can be coded for by multiple different codons

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56
Q

what does DNA stand for

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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57
Q

DNA

A

double stranded polynucleotide
contains genetic material of an organism
made up of deoxyribonucleotide monomers
joined together by phosphodiester bonds

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58
Q

DNA nucleotide

A

monomer that makes up DNA
consists of deoxyribose, a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group

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59
Q

DNA polymerase

A

enzyme that catalyses the formation of phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides during the synthesis of a new DNA strand

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60
Q

RNA polymerase

A

enzyme that catalyses the formation of phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides during the synthesis of a new RNA strand

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61
Q

helicase

A

an enzyme that catalyses the unwinding and unzipping of DNA in many processes like replication and transcription

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62
Q

messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

type of RNA that carries genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes for translation

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63
Q

non-overlapping (genetic code)

A

each base is only part of one codon and that each codon is read one at a time in order

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64
Q

nucleotide

A

monomer from which nucleic acids are made that consists of a pentose sugar, nitrogenous base and phosphate group

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65
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

type of bond that joins nucleotides together to create polynucleotides

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66
Q

purines

A

class of nitrogenous bases which are made up of two rings

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67
Q

purine examples

A

adenine
guanine

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68
Q

pyrimidines

A

class of nitrogenous bases which are made up of a single ring

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69
Q

pyrimidines examples

A

cytosine
thymine
uracil

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70
Q

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

type of RNA that makes up ribosomes

71
Q

semi-conservative replication

A

replication of DNA to produce two new molecules which both contain one new strand and one old strand from the original DNA molecule

72
Q

transcription

A

process of synthesising a new mRNA strand from a molecule of DNA

73
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

type of RNA
has three hairpin loops, an anticodon for attachment to the mRNA codon and amino acid binding site
used to carry amino acids to the ribosome

74
Q

translation

A

process of protein synthesis where complementary tRNAs carrying amino acids are brought to each codon in an mRNA molecule as it moves through a ribosome

75
Q

triplet (genetic code)

A

DNA is grouped into 3 base long codons that are read together and code for an amino acid

76
Q

universal (genetic code)

A

the same codons code for the same amino acids in all organisms

77
Q

activation energy

A

amount of energy needed for a reaction to happen

78
Q

active site

A

a specific region on an enzyme where the substrate binds and the reaction takes place

79
Q

amylase

A

enzyme that catalyses the extracellular breakdown of starch

80
Q

catalase

A

an enzyme that catalyses the intracellular breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water

81
Q

coenzyme

A

a type of cofactor that is bound loosely to an enzyme with weak interactions

82
Q

cofactors

A

a non protein molecule that is needed for the effective functioning of an enzyme

83
Q

competitive inhibitor

A

a molecule which binds to the active site of an enzyme and prevents the substrate from binding

84
Q

cyanide (CN-)

A

a metabolic poison
acts as an irreversible inhibitor of cytochrome oxidase
so prevents respiration

85
Q

end product inhibition

A

product of an enzyme controlled reaction can bind to the enzyme and prevent it from working

86
Q

enzyme

A

biological catalyst used to speed up the rate of biochemical reactions without being used up or permanently altered

87
Q

enzyme-product complex

A

temporary complex
formed after the enzyme has catalysed the reaction but before the products have left the active site of the enzyme

88
Q

extra cellular reaction

A

reaction that occurs outside of cells

89
Q

inactive precursor

A

inactive form of an enzyme that cannot carry out its function until it is activated

90
Q

induced fit hypothesis

A

model of enzyme action
describes how once a specific substrate binds to the active site, the enzyme undergoes subtle conformational changes to fit the substrate better

91
Q

intracellular reaction

A

a reaction that occurs within cells

92
Q

lock and key hypothesis

A

a model of enzyme action that describes how the enzyme will only fit a substrate that has the correct complementary shape to the active site

93
Q

metabolism

A

sum of all the chemical reactions taking place in a cell

94
Q

non competitive inhibitor

A

inhibitor which binds to a different part of an enzyme known as the allosteric site and prevents the enzyme from functioning

95
Q

prosthetic group

A

type of cofactor that is bound tightly to an enzyme with strong interactions

96
Q

substrate specificity

A

the ability of an enzyme to catalyse only a specific reaction or set of reactions which have substrates complementary to the active site of the enzyme

97
Q

temperature coefficient (Q10)

A

a method of calculating an increase in reaction rate after a 10C temperature increase

98
Q

temperature coefficient equation

A

Q10 = R2 / R1

99
Q

trypsin

A

enzyme that catalyses the extracellular breakdown of proteins

100
Q

active transport

A

the active movement of substances from a low concentration to a higher concentration (up a conc gradient)
with the use of energy in the form of ATP

101
Q

amphipathic

A

a molecule with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts

102
Q

cell lysis

A

the bursting of a cell (particularly after the uptake of too much water)

103
Q

cholesterol

A

mostly hydrophobic molecule
sits in the hydrophobic portion of the membrane
regulates membrane fluidity

104
Q

crenation

A

the shrinking of a cell when placed in hypertonic solution (after too much water moves out by osmosis)

105
Q

endocytosis

A

the bulk uptake of substances into a cell
by invagination of the membrane to form a vesicle trapping the substances inside the cell
with the use of energy in the form of ATP

106
Q

exocytosis

A

the bulk transport of substances out of a cell
using a vesicle that fuses with the plasma membrane
using energy in the form of ATP

107
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

the net movement of substances from a high concentration to a lower concentration
through transport proteins without the use of energy

108
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

a model that describes membrane structure as a sea of mobile phospholipids studded with various proteins

109
Q

hydrophilic

A

a molecule which is attracted to water

110
Q

hydrophobic

A

a molecule which repels water

111
Q

integral membrane protein

A

a type of protein bound to the membrane with strong interactions

112
Q

osmosis

A

the net movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane
from a region of high water potential to a region of lower water potential
without the use of energy

113
Q

peripheral membrane protein

A

a type of protein that is weakly bound to the surface of the membrane

114
Q

phagocytosis

A

the ingestion of solid material by phagocytic cells

115
Q

phospholipid

A

type of lipid formed by the condensation of one molecule of glycerol, two molecules of fatty acid and a phosphate group

116
Q

pinocytosis

A

the bulk uptake of liquids into the cell using energy in the form of ATP

117
Q

plasmolysis

A

the effect produced by placing plant cells in a hypertonic solution
causing the cell to shrivel from water loss
resulting in the membrane pulling away from the rigid cell wall

118
Q

simple diffusion

A

the spreading out of substances from a high concentration to a lower concentration
without the use of energy

119
Q

turgid

A

describes a cell that is swollen due to large amounts of fluid uptake

120
Q

water potential

A

a measure of the tendency of water molecules to move from one area to another measured in kilopascals (kPa)

121
Q

acrosome

A

an organelle found in the head of the sperm cells which is specialised to digest the outer coating of an egg cell during fertilisation

122
Q

anaphase 1

A

third stage in meiosis
where the chromosomes that make up the bivalent are pulled apart to the poles of the cell by the spindle fibres

123
Q

anaphase 2

A

7th stage of meiosis
where the chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell

124
Q

anucleate

A

type of cell which doesn’t have a nucleus

125
Q

asexual reproduction

A

the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent through the process of mitosis

126
Q

bivalent

A

a pair of homologous chromosomes

127
Q

ciliated epithelium

A

type of epithelium
has many fine protrusions (cilia) which are specialised for sweeping dirt and debris out of the body

128
Q

crossing over

A

the exchange of genetic material between two chromosomes in a bivalent

129
Q

cytokinesis

A

the division of the cytoplasm at the end of mitosis to produce 2 new daughter cells

130
Q

differentiation

A

the process where a cell develops certain features so that it is specialised to carry out a certain function

131
Q

diploid

A

cells with two copies of each chromosome

132
Q

erythrocyte

A

an anucleate cell specialised to carry oxygen from the lungs around the body
red blood cell

133
Q

G1 (gap 1) checkpoint

A

first checkpoint in the cell cycle
occurs just before the end of G1 phase
commits the cell to division under favourable conditions

134
Q

G1 (gap 1) phase

A

first growth phase in interphase
where the cell synthesises proteins and RNA
duplicates its organelles and increases in size before DNA replication in S phase

135
Q

G2 (gap 2) checkpoint

A

the second checkpoint in the cell cycle
occurs at the end of G2 phase
checks that the DNA was correctly replicated during S phase before the cell enters mitosis

136
Q

G2 (gap 2) phase

A

the second growth phase of interphase
where the cell continues to increase in size and synthesise biomolecules

137
Q

gametes

A

sex cells that have haploid nucleus and are produced through meiosis

138
Q

gene loci

A

the location of a gene on a chromosome

139
Q

guard cells

A

type of cell usually found in pairs
specialised to control the opening and closing of stomata

140
Q

haploid

A

cells with only one copy of each chromosome

141
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

two chromosomes with similar gene loci but different alleles, one inherited from each parent

142
Q

independent assortment

A

a source of variation in meiosis where the bivalent chromosomes can line up either way around the metaphase plate

143
Q

interphase

A

largest part of the cell cycle where cells spend most of their time growing, synthesising biomolecules and preparing for mitosis

144
Q

M (metaphase) checkpoint

A

the checkpoint occuring at the end of metaphase during mitosis which ensures all of the chromosomes have correctly attached to the spindle fibres and aligned at the metaphase plate

145
Q

meiosis

A

a type of cell division used to produce gametes that produces four genetically different haploid daughter cells from one parent cell

146
Q

meristematic tissue

A

a type of plant tissue which contains stem cells and is usually found in the growing regions of the plant

147
Q

metaphase

A

the second stage of meiosis where the chromosomes attach to the spindle fibres and align in the centre of the cell along the metaphase plate

148
Q

metaphase 1

A

second stage of meiosis where the bivalent chromosomes align along the metaphase plate and independent assortment occurs

149
Q

metaphase 2

A

the sixth stage of meiosis where the recombinant chromosomes align on the metaphase plate

150
Q

mitosis

A

the division of a cell to produce two genetically identical daughter cells

151
Q

multipotent

A

type of stem cell
has the ability to differentiate into any cell type within a certain tissue in the body

152
Q

neutrophil

A

type of white blood cell
has a multi lobed nucleus
specialise to engulf and destroy pathogens

153
Q

organ

A

group of specialised tissues working together to carry out a specific function

154
Q

organ system

A

group of specialised organs working together to carry out a specific function

155
Q

palisade cell

A

type of cell found in the leaves of plants which contains many chloroplasts and is specialised to carry out photosynthesis

156
Q

phloem

A

a tissue found in plants which is specialised for the transport of assimilates from their site of production to different parts of the plant where they are needed

157
Q

pluripotent stem cell

A

a type of stem cell which has the ability to differentiate into any cell type in the body

158
Q

prophase

A

first stage in mitosis
the nuclear envelope breaks down
the centrosomes move to opposite poles of the cell
the mitotic spindle begins to form
chromosomes condense

159
Q

prophase 1

A

first stage in meiosis
the nuclear envelope breaks down
the spindle fibres form
the chromosomes condense and form bivalents
stage of meiosis where crossing over occurs

160
Q

prophase 2

A

fifth stage of meiosis
nuclear envelope breaks down
the spindle fibres form
the chromosomes condense

161
Q

recombinant chromosomes

A

the chromosomes produced by the crossing over and exchange of genes during metaphase 1

162
Q

root hair cell

A

type of cell that is found in the roots of cells which has a large surface area
is specialised for the uptake of water and ions from the soil

163
Q

S (synthesis) phase

A

second phase in the cell cycle where the DNA in the cell is replicated

164
Q

somatic cells

A

any cells that make up an organism
excluding sex cells

165
Q

sperm cell

A

male gamete
contains long tail, an acrosome and lots of mitochondria
specialised to fertilise an egg cell

166
Q

squamous epithelium

A

type of epithelium
only one cell thick
specialised for rapid diffusion

167
Q

stem cell

A

type of undifferentiated cell which has the ability to divide many times and differentiate into many different cell types

168
Q

stomata

A

small openings in the leaves or stem of a plant that can be opened or closed by guard cells in response to varying conditions

169
Q

telophase

A

final stage of mitosis
new nuclear envelopes begin to form around the separated sets of chromosomes

170
Q

telophase 1

A

fourth stage of meiosis
nuclear envelopes reform around the separated chromosomes and they uncoil

171
Q

telophase 2

A

final stage in meisosis
nuclear envelopes reform around the separated chromatids and they uncoil

172
Q

tissue

A

group of specialised cells working together to carry out a specific function

173
Q

totipotent stem cell

A

type of stem cell which has the ability to differentiate into any type of cell in the body or in the placenta

174
Q
A

bio (5 decks)

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