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biodiversity, evolution and disease Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

active immunity

A

resistance in an organism that has developed through the production of specific antibodies in response to a pathogen
it provides long-lasting immunity as memory cells are produced

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2
Q

agglutinins

A

chemicals that cause pathogens to aggregate together, aiding phagocytosis
antibodies can act as agglutinins

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3
Q

antibiotic

A

a chemical or compound produced by a living organism that kills or prevents the growth of bacteria

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4
Q

antibiotic-resistant bacteria

A

bacteria that mutate to become resistant to an antibiotic, survive and reproduce very rapidly, passing on their antibiotic resistance

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5
Q

antibodies

A

immunoglobulins produced by B-lymphocytes in response to a specific antigen, triggering an immune response

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6
Q

antigen

A

a chemical present on the surface of a cell that induces an immune response

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7
Q

antigen-presenting cell

A

a macrophage that displays forgein antigens

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8
Q

anti-toxins

A

chemicals produced by white blood cells that neutralise toxins released by pathogens

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9
Q

artificial active immunity

A

the production of antibodies by the immune system following the expose to a weakened, attenuated or dead pathogen

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10
Q

artificial immunity example

A

vaccination

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11
Q

artificial passive immunity

A

the immunity acquired from the administration of specific antibodies from another organism

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12
Q

athlete’s foot

A

a form of ringworm in humans that effects the feet, resulting in cracking and scaling of the skin

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13
Q

autoimmune disease

A

a condition in which the immune system attacks and destroys healthy body tissue

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14
Q

bacteria

A

prokaryotic cells that have cell walls but lack organelles
some are pathogenic (produce toxins that damage host cells)

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15
Q

bacterial meningitis

A

a severe form of meningitis caused by bacterial infection of the meninges
complications of bacterial meningitis include septicaemia (a symptom of this is a rash of purple discolouration that does not fade when a glass is pressed against it)

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16
Q

b effector cells

A

a type of b lymphocyte that divides to form plasma cells

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17
Q

black sigatoka

A

a fungal disease in tomatoes cause by mycosphaerella fijiensis
the hyphae of which penetrate and digest host leaf cells - turning them black

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18
Q

b lymphocytes

A

lymphocytes that mature in the bone marrow
three main types: plasma cells, b effector cells and b memory cells

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19
Q

b memory cells

A

b lymphocytes that provide immunological memory

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20
Q

callose

A

a plant polysaccharide
contains b-1,3 and b-1,6 linkages between glucose molecules
deposited between the cell walls and cell membrane in cells adjacent to infected cells, serving as a defence agaisnt pathogens
also found in the cells walla of infected cells and the plasmodesmata between infected cells

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21
Q

chitinases

A

enzymes that degrade chitin in fungal cells walls

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22
Q

clonal expansion

A

the mass proliferation of specific antibody-producing cells

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23
Q

clonal selection

A

the identification of an antibody-producing cell with complementary receptors to the shape of a specific antigen

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24
Q

clostridium difficile

A

a type of bacteria found in the gut of some people
its resistant to most antibiotics

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25
Q

communicable disease

A

a disease that is caused by a pathogen and transmitted directly between organisms

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26
Q

cytokines

A

cell signalling molecules produced by mast cells in damaged tissue
they attract white blood cells to the site of damage

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27
Q

direct transmission

A

the transfer of a pathogen directly from one organism to another
this can occur via direct contact, ingestion or the sharing of contaminated needles

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28
Q

epidemic

A

a rapid rise in the incidence of a communicable disease at a local or national level

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29
Q

expulsive reflexes

A

coughs or sneezes intiated upon irritation of the respiratory tract
they remove microorganism-containing mucus from the gaseous exchange system

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30
Q

fungi

A

eukaryotic, often multicellular organisms that may cause disease
they digest and destroy cells, and produce spores that can spread rapidly between organisms

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31
Q

glucanases

A

enzymes produced by plants that decompose glucans, polysaccharides found in oomycete cell walls

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32
Q

histamine

A

a chemical produced by mass cells in damaged tissue
makes blood vessels dilate and causes their walls to become leakier

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33
Q

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A

infectious virus that destroys T helper cells, weaking the immune system of the body
makes sufferers more susceptible to infections and can lead to AIDS

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34
Q

indirect transmission

A

the transfer of a pathogen indirectly between organisms via fomites, vectors, droplet infection or soil contamination

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35
Q

inflammation

A

a localised response of vascular tissue to pathogens, damage or irritants
its characterised by pain, redness, heat and swelling

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36
Q

influenza

A

a common viral infection caused by the family of viruses orthomyxoviridae
destroys ciliated epithelial cells in the gaseous exchange system, exposing the airways to secondary infection

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37
Q

interleukins

A

cytokines produced by T helper cells that stimulate B cells

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38
Q

lymphocytes

A

white blood cells that contribute to the specific immune response

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39
Q

lysosome

A

a membrane bound organelle that contains hydrolytic enzymes

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40
Q

malaria

A

a disease caused by the protocista plasmodium that lives within two hosts (mosquitoes and humans)
causes recurrent episodes of fever and can be fatal

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41
Q

mast cells

A

specialised cells in connective tissue that are important in the inflammatory response, releasing histamines and cytokines

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42
Q

MRSA

A

a type of bacteria that is resistant to the antibiotic methicillin

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43
Q

mucous membranes

A

the membranes lining body cavities that secrete a sticky mucus

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44
Q

natural active immunity

A

the production of antibodies by the immune system following infection

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45
Q

natural passive immunity

A

the immunity acquired by an infant mammal when antibodies are transferred through the placenta and the colostrum from the mother

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46
Q

non-specific defences

A

defenses that are always present and are the same for all organisms

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47
Q

opsonins

A

chemicals that bind to and tag forgein cells, making them easily recognisable to phagocytes

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48
Q

passive immunity

A

resistance in an organism acquired via the transfer of antibodies
it provides short term immunity as no memory cells are produced

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49
Q

pathogen

A

a disease-causing microorganism
includes bacteria, viruses, fungi and protocista

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50
Q

penicillin

A

discovered by alexander flemming
the first conventional, effective and safe antibiotic derived from the mould penicillium chrysogenum

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51
Q

personal medicine

A

form of medical care that enables doctors to provide healthcare that is customised to an individual’s genotype

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52
Q

phagocytes

A

specialised white blood cells that engulf and destroy pathogens
two types: neutrophils and macrophages

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53
Q

phagocytosis

A

the process by which phagocytes engulf and destroy pathogens

54
Q

phagolysosome

A

a vesicle within a phagocyte formed by the fusion of a phagosome and lysosome

55
Q

phagosome

A

the vacuole inside a phagoctye in which a forgien particle is engulfed

56
Q

plasma cells

A

b lymphoctyes that produce antibodies specific to a particular antigen

57
Q

potato blight

A

a disease caused by the fungi-like protocist phytophtora infestans whose hypae penetrate host cells, causing the collapse and decay of the leaves, fruit and tubers
(also known as tomato blight or late blight)

58
Q

primary immune response

A

the response of the immune system to a pathogen when it is first encountered
a small number of antibodies are produced slowly

59
Q

protocista

A

a group of eukaryotic, single celled microoragnisms that may cause disease
they digest cells and use the cell contents to reproduce

60
Q

ring rot

A

a bacterial disease in tomatoes, potatoes and aubergines that results in damage to the leaves, fruit and tubers
caused by the bacterium clavibacter michiganensis

61
Q

ringworm

A

a fungal disease that affects mammals, causing grey/white, circular, crusty lesions on the skin

62
Q

secondary immune response

A

the response of the immune system to a pathogen when it is encountered for a second (or more) time
immunological memory gives a rapid production of a large number of antibodies

63
Q

synthetic biology

A

the design and construction of new biological entities, as well as the reconstruction of pre-exsisting natural biological systems

64
Q

t helper cells

A

t lymphocytes with CD4 receptors on the cell surface membrane
these bind to antigens on antigen-presenting cells and secrete interleukins

65
Q

t killer cells

A

t lymphocytes that produce perforin, destroying pathogens with specific antigen

66
Q

t lymphocytes

A

lymphocytes that mature in the thymus gland
four main types: t helper cells, t killer cells, t memory cells and t regulatory cells

67
Q

t memory cells

A

t lymphoctyes that provide immunological memory

68
Q

tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)

A

a virus that infects many species of plant - in particular tobacco plants
it damages the leaves, flowers and fruit and stunts plant growth

69
Q

t regulator cells

A

t lymphocytes that regulate the immune response by suppressing other t cells and maintaining tolerance to self-antigens

70
Q

tuberculosis (TB)

A

a bacterial disease, caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. bovis, that damages lung tissue and weakens the immune system

71
Q

vaccination

A

the deliberate exposure of an individual to antigens from a pathogen to provide artificail active ummunity

72
Q

vector

A

a living or non-living agent that transmits a pathogen between organisms

73
Q

viruses

A

non-living infectious agents that invade host cells and take over cell metabolism, replicating within them

74
Q

adaptation

A

a feature of an organism that increases its chance of survival in its environment
an adaptation may be anatomical, physiological or behavioural

75
Q

belt transect

A

a line along a sampled area upon which quadrants are placed at intervals to determine the abundance and distribution of organisms in an ecosystem

76
Q

binomial system

A

the universal system of naming organisms
made up of two parts; the first as the genus and the second the species

77
Q

biodiversity

A

the variety of living organisms in an ecosystem

78
Q

charles darwin

A

the scientist who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection

79
Q

classification

A

the organisation of organisms into groups

80
Q

community

A

all of the populations of different species living together in a habitat

81
Q

conservation

A

the maintenance of ecosystems and biodiversity by humans in order to preserve the earth’s resources

82
Q

continuous variation

A

when a characteristic can have any value within a given range

83
Q

convention on biological diversity (CBD)

A

a treaty that promotes the sustainable use of and maintenance of biodiversity
one of thee rio conventions

84
Q

convention on international trade in endangered species (CITES)

A

a treaty that regulates the trade of plants and wild animals across international borders

85
Q

convergent evolution

A

the process by which unrelated species evolve similar traits due to exposure to similar environments or selection pressures

86
Q

countryside stewardship scheme (CSS)

A

a scheme in England that aimed to provide financial incentives to farmers to enhance and conserve the environment

87
Q

discontinuous variation

A

when a characteristic can only take certain values (eg sex, eye colour, blood group)

88
Q

domain

A

the highest taxonomic rank
three domains: archeae, bacteria and eukaryota

89
Q

evolution

A

the gradual change in the allele frequencies within a population over time
occurs due to natural selection

90
Q

ex situ conservation

A

a type of conservation that takes place outside of an organism’s natural habitat

91
Q

fossil

A

the remains of dead organisms found which are millions of years old

92
Q

fungi

A

a biological kingdom consisting of mushrooms, yeasts and moulds

93
Q

genetic biodiversity

A

a measure of the variety of genes that make up species

94
Q

habitat biodiversity

A

a measure of the number of different habitats found within an area

95
Q

in situ conservation

A

a type of conservation that takes place within an organisms natural habitat

96
Q

interspecific variation

A

differences between members of different species

97
Q

intraspecific variation

A

differences between members of the same species

98
Q

keystone species

A

a species which has an unexpectedly large effect on the environment and is crucial for the maintenance of biodiversity

99
Q

kick sampling

A

a method used to sample organisms living on the bed of a river
it involves disturbing an area of river bed before placing a net downstream to capture released organisms

100
Q

kingdom

A

the second highest taxonomic rank
five kingdoms: prokaryotae, protocista, fungi, plantae and animalia

101
Q

line transect

A

a line along a sampled area
the species touching the transect at regular intervals are recorded to determine the abundance and distribution of organisms in an ecosystem

102
Q

monoculture

A

the growth of one crop in a given area

103
Q

natural selection

A

the process by which the frequency of ‘advantageous’ alleles gradually increases in a population’s gene pool over time

104
Q

non-random sampling

A

a sampling method in which a sample is not chosen randomly
three types: opportunistic, stratified and systematic

105
Q

opportunistic sampling

A

a type of non-sampling that involves drawing a sample from part of the population that is conveniently available

106
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

a diagram used to show the evolutionary relationships between organisms

107
Q

pitfall trap

A

a device used to catch small ground surface invertebrates
it consists of a container buried beneath the ground and a roof structure

108
Q

pooters

A

a device use to catch small ground surface invertebrates
consists of two tubes one connecting the holding chamber to a mouthpiece (with a filter) and the other to an inlet tube

109
Q

prokaryotae

A

a biological kingdom consisting of unicellular prokaryotes (bacteria)

110
Q

proportion of polymorphic gene loci

A

a measure of genetic biodiversity

111
Q

proportion of polymorphic gene loci calculation

A

number of polymorphic gene loci / total number of loci

112
Q

protoctista

A

a biological kingdom consisting of unicellular eukaryotes

113
Q

quadrat

A

a square grid of known area used in sampling to determine the abundance of organisms in a habitat
two types: point quadrats and frame quadrats

114
Q

random sampling

A

a sampling technique used to avoid bias

115
Q

seed bank

A

a storage of seeds to preserve genetic material

116
Q

selection pressures

A

environmental factors that drive evolution by natural selection and limit population sizes

117
Q

simpson’s index of diversity (D)

A

a measurement of diversity that considers both species richness and eveness

118
Q

simpson’s index of diversity calculation

A

D = 1 - £(n/N)2

119
Q

spearman’s rank correlation coefficient

A

a statistical test used to determine the relationship between two variables

120
Q

species biodiversity

A

a measure of species richness and species evenness

121
Q

species evenness

A

the number of individuals of each species living together in a community

122
Q

species richness

A

the number of different species found within an area

123
Q

stratified sampling

A

a type non-random sampling in which populations are divided into strata and a random sample is taken from each, proportional to its size

124
Q

student’s t-test

A

a statistical test used to analyse whether there is a significant difference between the means of data values of two populations

125
Q

sweep nets

A

a funnel shaped net used to catch insects and other small animals

126
Q

systematic sampling

A

a type of non-random sampling in which samples are taken from different regions of a habitat

127
Q

taxon

A

each group within a phylogenetic classification system

128
Q

taxonomic hierarchy

A

the arrangement of organisms into successive levels of classification known as taxonomic groups

129
Q

three-domain system

A

a method of classification in which organisms are categorised into three domains and six kingdoms
developed by Carl Woese

130
Q

tullgren funnel

A

a device used to extract living organisms from a soil sample

131
Q

variation

A

the differences between individuals due to genes, the environment or a combination of both

132
Q
A

bio (5 decks)

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