Biological Molecules 1 Flashcards
Define monomers and polymers and what is the process called when monomers form polymers
Monomers - Small, basic molecular unit
Polymers - large, complex molecules made from long chains of monomers bonded together
Give some example of monomers
Monosaccharides
Amino acids
Nucleotides
Define condensation reaction
Define hydrolysis reaction
Condensation reaction- Monomers join together to produce a polymer and water
Hydrolysis reaction- Use water to break down a polymer into monomers
Glucose + Glucose -> —— + water
Maltose
What conditions are needed for hydrolysis reaction
Enzyme(catalyse reactions)
Optimum pH levels
Optimum temperature
Why are Hydrogen bonds not in biomolecules
What are polar molecules
Hydrogen bonds are weak
Molecules with a partial charge due to uneven distribution of electrons in the atom
Ionic bond and covalent bond
Does or doesn’t dissolve in water
Ionic bond does dissolve in water
Covalent bond doesn’t dissolve in water
What properties of a molecule is affected by the bond type
Boiling point
Melting point
Malleability
Solubility
What is the polymers of glucose amino acid and nucleotide
Starch Cellulose Glycogen
Protein
DNA RNA
What 3 elements do all carbohydrates contain?
Name 3 types of carbohydrates
Give 3 examples of each one
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
Disaccharides: Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose
Polysaccharides: Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen
What is found in all 3 Polysaccharides
Glucose
What does ATP and ADP stand for
Adenosine Triphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate
Why is ATP a derivative of a nucleotide
It is also made of a sugar, base and Phosphorus
What is the Phosphate, base and sugar in ATP
Phosphate-Triphosphate
Sugar: Ribose/Pentose
Base: Adenine
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration and where does the energy come from
Oxygen + Glucose -> Carbon dioxide + water + Energy(ATP)
Energy comes from bonds in glucose
What is the reaction when ATP releases energy
what is the word equation
What enzyme is needed
Hydrolysis
ATP + H2O -> ADP + Pi + Energy
ATP hydrolase
What is the reaction for the resynthesis of ATP
What is the word equation
What enzyme is needed
Where does this process take place
Condensation
ADP + Pi -> ATP
ATP synthase
Takes place during photosynthesis or respiration
What is the word for adding phosphorus and removing phosphorus
Phosphorylation
Dephosphorylation
What are the 3 ways ATP is synthesised
Oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic respiration in plant and animal cells)
Photophosphorylation (Photosynthesis in chlorophyll)
Substrate level phosphorylation (free phosphorus + ADP in plant/animal cell)
Give a few examples of the role of ATP in biological systems
Active transport(movement against the concentration gradient)
Protein synthesis
Muscle contraction(requires energy for the filaments to work)
Metabolic processes(build macromolecules)
Secretion(required to form lysosomes)
Activating molecules(Phosphate released from the hydrolysis of ATP can be used to activate other key biological molecules)
Why does ATP have a short term energy supply
-Weak bonds between Phosphate group
-Energy is released in a single step (adding water)
-Releases less energy compared to glucose
What is the function of ATP and why is it important for metabolic reactions in cells
An immediate source of energy for biological processes
Metabolic reactions in cells must have a constant, steady supply of ATP
Why are Phosphate groups inorganic
They do not contain any carbon atoms
Why is ATP an immediate source of energy
Only one bond needs to be hydrolysed to release energy
What is phosphorylation and give an example
The inorganic Phosphate released during the hydrolysis of ATP can be bonded onto different Compounds to make them more reactive
This happens to glucose ar the start of respiration to make it more reactive
What makes ATP a suitable immediate source of energy(explain properties)
-ATP releases energy in small, manageable amounts so no energy is wasted(cells do not heat from wasted hear energy and cells are less likely to run out of resources. Glucose would release large amounts of energy which results in wasted energy)
-Small and soluble so easily transported around the cell(can dissolve in cytoplasm, common with glucose)
-Only one bond needs to be hydrolysed to release energy(Glucose needs several bonds to be broken to release all its energy)
-It can transfer energy to another molecule by transferring one of its Phosphate groups(can able phosphorylation, glucose can’t as it doesn’t have any Phosphate groups)
-ATP can’t pass out of the cell so the cell always has an immediate supply of energy, cell can run out of glucose
Compare the strength of the bond between covalent and ionic
What is the electrostatic attraction between opposite charged ions called
Covalent- more stable molecule formed
Ionic- weaker than covalent bonds
Ionic bond
What are 5 examples of biomolecules
Nucleic acids
Polysaccharides
Lipids
Proteins
Water
Describe Hydrogen, covalent and ionic bonds
HYDROGEN: Electrons tend to position at one side which causes molecule to become polarised. Negatively charged region attracts positively charged region of another molecule. Individually, these bonds are weak but collectively become important forces to define the molecules properties
COVALENT: Shared pair of electrons. Filled outer shell of electrons for both atoms. More stable molecule is formed
IONIC: Oppositely charged ions attract eachother. Electrostatic attraction between them is known as the ionic bond. Weaker than covalent bonds
Where does initial energy come from
-The sun
-Photosynthesis occurs in plants where carbon dioxide and water react to release oxygen and glucose
-Respiration occurs where glucose is oxidised to make ATP
Why are ——— bonds are broken in ATP easily
Phosphodiester bonds
They have a low activation energy
What can the Phosphate bring produced in the hydrolysis of ATP be used for
To phosphorylate compounds by binding on to them to make them more reactive
To provide energy to energy requiring cellular reactions
Why is ATP not a good long term source of energy
Easily be hydrolysed into ADP
Fats and Carbohydrates are better stores of long term energy(glycogen and starch)
Glucose is an isomer
Define isomer
Same molecular formula but a different structure
Glucose is an isomer
Define isomer
Same molecular formula but a different structure
Samsung notes (glucose)
Yay
What is a molar solution
1 mole is in a litre of solvent
Name two lipids and describe their structures
TRIGLYCERIDES: 1 Glycerol and 3 fatty acids
PHOSPHOLIPIDS: 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, 1 Phosphate group
What is the reaction that forms Triglycerides and Phospholipids and what bonds are formed and what molecule is also formed
Condensation reaction
Ester bond
Water molecules
Define Saturated fatty acids and Unsaturated fatty acids
The hydrocarbons chain only has single bonds between carbons
The hydrocarbon chain consists of atleast one double bond between carbons
What are the 4 properties of Triglyceride and explain them
ENERGY STORAGE Large ratio of energy storing carbon Hydrogen bonds compared to the number of carbon atoms
METABOLIC WATER SOURCE High ratio of Hydrogen to oxygen atoms, triglycerides can be oxidised to release water
INSOLUBLE IN WATER Large and hydrophobic and do not affect water potentials and osmosis
LOW MASS Lots can be stored without increasing the mass by a lot and preventing movement
Describe the emulsion test for lipids
Dissolve the sample in ethanol
Add Distilled water
Lipid is present if a white emulsion forms
Describe the fatty acid and Phosphate in phospholipids and how they react to water
What is this type of molecule called
Fatty acids are hydrophobic and repel water because they have no charge, but it reacts with lipids
Phosphates are hydrophilic and attract water because its charged
Amphipatic
Why are phospholipids polar molecules
They have 2 charged regions
Describe how phospholipids are positioned in water
Heads (phosphate) is exposed to water and tails are not(fatty acid)
What are the functions of Proteins
Structure
Immunological functions(antibodies)
Catalytic functions(enzymes)
Signalling/Identification(antigens)
Name the 3 groups in an amino acid monomer
Amino group
Variable group (R group)
Carboxyl group
What molecule is formed when 2 amino acids react together
What bond is formed
Dipeptide
Peptide bond
What is the bond formed between glucose
Glycosidic
What method should you use to seperate the different amino acids
Chromatography
Explain the 4 structures of Proteins in all 4 stages
PRIMARY STRUCTURE : The order of amino acids in the polypeptide chain(Peptide bonds holds all the amino acids together in the polypeptide chain)
SECONDARY STRUCTURE : The sequence of amino acids causes parts of protein molecule to bend into an alpha helix or fold into beta pleated sheets (Hydrogen bonds hold together the secondary structure - Hydrogen bonds form between the C=O groups of the carboxyl group (especially O) of one amino acid and the H in the amino group of another amino acid
TERTIARY STRUCTURE : The further folding of the secondary structure to form a unique 3D shape, 3D structure is held in place by ionic, Hydrogen and disulfide bonds(The ionic and disulfide bonds form betweeb R groups of different amino acids)(Disulphide bonds only occur if there is an amino acid with a sulfur in its R group)
QUARTERNARY STRUCTURE : A protein made up of more than 1 polypeptide chain