Biological Molecules 1 Flashcards
What are all carbohydrates made up of?
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
What are monosaccharides?
Simple sugars where there is one oxygen present and two hydrogen atoms present for each carbon atom.
What is the general formula for monosaccharides?
(CH2O)n
What is the formula for triose sugars?
C3H6O3
What is the formula for pentose sugars?
C5H10O5
What is the formula for hexose sugars?
C6H12O6
What are some examples of pentose sugars?
Ribose and deoxyribose, important in DNA and RNA.
What are some examples of hexose sugars?
Glucose, fructose and galactose
What is a disaccharide made up of?
Two monosaccharides joined together
How do two monosaccharides join together to form a disaccharide?
Condensation reaction (H2O molecule removed)
What is the bond in a disaccharide?
Glycosidic bond
What monosaccharides join to make sucrose?
a-Glucose and fructose
What monosaccharides join to make lactose?
a-Glucose and b-Galactose
What monosaccharides join to make maltose?
a-Glucose and a-Glucose
What are polysaccharides?
Many monosaccharides joined together by condensation reaction, joined by glycosidic bonds.
How is a polysaccharides structure ideal for storage?
-They can form compact molecules
-Glycosidic bonds are easily broken, allowing rapid release of monosaccharides.
How does the structure of amylose and amylopectin differ?
Amylose forms a spiral chain, made purely of 1,4-glycosidic chains
Amylopectin forms branching chains as it has 1,4 and 1,6-glycosidic chains.
How is amylose’s structure related to the function?
The coiled structure allows the molecule to be compact, making it good for storage
How is amylopectin’s structure related to the function?
Branched structure so it is broken down more quickly so glucose can be released when needed
What isomer of glucose is cellulose made up of?
B-Glucose
Why is B-glucose in cellulose inverted?
So that hydroxyl groups stick out on both sides and hydrogen bonds form between the chains to form microfibrils.
How is cellulose’s structure related to its function?
Microfibrils are strong, which provides the cell wall with strength so it can support the plants structure.
What is glycogen made up of?
a-Glucose
What is glycogen’s structure?
1,6-glycosdic bonds give glycogen a branched structure and it is stored as small granules.
How is glycogen’s structure related to its function?
Less dense and more soluble than starch and broken down more rapidly due to the branched structure.
What is the function of lipids?
Form an Important integral part of cell membranes as an energy store.
What is the chemical formula of glycerol?
C3H8O3
How are fatty acids and glycerol combined?
Using ester bonds