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Biology > Biological Molecule > Flashcards

Biological Molecule Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a monomer?

A

Basic unit of polymers. Examples include monosaccharides, amino acids, and nucleotides.

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2
Q

Define polymer.

A

Long molecule consisting of many smaller and identical repeating monomers.

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3
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

A reaction where two monomers combine with a chemical bond, releasing a molecule of water.

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4
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

The breakdown of polymers into monomers using a water molecule.

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5
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

Giant complex molecules that are often polymers.

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6
Q

List examples of monomers.

A
  • Monosaccharides (simplest carbohydrates)
  • Amino acids (protein)
  • Nucleotides (DNA)
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7
Q

What are the four important biological molecules?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids
  • Lipids
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8
Q

What are carbohydrates primarily composed of?

A

Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), and Oxygen (O).

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9
Q

What monomers form carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides, such as glucose, fructose, and galactose.

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10
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

Formed by condensation of two monosaccharides, examples include maltose, sucrose, and lactose.

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11
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

A carbohydrate composed of many monosaccharides linked together.

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12
Q

What are the types of starch?

A
  • Amylose
  • Amylopectin
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13
Q

What is cellulose?

A

A polysaccharide formed by condensation of beta-glucose molecules, forming strong chains.

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14
Q

How is glycogen related to glucose?

A

Animals store excess glucose as glycogen.

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15
Q

What is the structure of amino acids?

A

Consists of an amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, and a variable R group.

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16
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

The bond formed between two amino acids during dipeptide formation.

17
Q

How are polypeptides formed?

A

By linking many amino acids together through peptide bonds.

18
Q

What are lipids?

A

Not polymers, made from various components, all containing hydrocarbons.

19
Q

What is a triglyceride?

A

A lipid formed from glycerol and fatty acids, characterized by its hydrophobic tails.

20
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

A
  • Saturated: single bonds
  • Unsaturated: double bonds
21
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

A lipid composed of two fatty acids and a phosphate group, forming cell membranes.

22
Q

Fill in the blank: The basic unit of carbohydrates is _______.

A

monosaccharides

23
Q

True or False: Proteins are formed by linking nucleotides together.

A

False

24
Q

What type of bond forms between glycerol and fatty acids in triglycerides?

A

Ester bond

25
Q

What is the role of carbohydrates in living organisms?

A

Energy storage and structural support.

Biology (8 decks)

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