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Biology > Biological Macromolecules > Flashcards

Biological Macromolecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Functional Groups

A 
Carboxyl -COOH
Hydroxyl -OH
Amino -NH2 -OH
Phosphate -PO4
Carbonyl -CO and -COH 
Methyl -CH3
Sufydhyl -SH
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2
Q

Carboxyl

A

R=- COOH

Acetic acid

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3
Q

Nucleus acid

A

Monomers are nucleotides

Important because it makes up DNA/RNA important because it tells the cell how to grow,reproduce, etc

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4
Q

Protein

A

Monomers are amino acid
Each amino acid has a side structure that is different
Humans have 20 different amino acids and need 9 to survive.
Side structure determine the structure and function of the protein.

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5
Q

Lipids

A

Polarity
Crates the membrane
Both hydrophobic/Hydrophilic.
Fats, phospholipids and steroids.

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6
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Monomers and polymers of sugars

Bonding

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7
Q

Saturated Fat

A

No Double carbon bond
Solid at room temperature
Butter, etc

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8
Q

Unsaturated Fat

A

Has a double bond Carbon
Liquid at room temperature because of that.
Oils, etc

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9
Q

Nucleotides

A

Monomers to nucleus acid

Building blocks

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10
Q

Nucleus acid

A

D

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11
Q

Lipids

A

Land

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12
Q

Carbohydrates

A

D

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13
Q

Carbonyl

A
  • COH Aldose

- CO- KEYTONES

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14
Q

Polymer

A

Long molecules consisting of many building blocks

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15
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

Occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule.

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16
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Reaction that reverses dehydration reaction of monomers

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17
Q

Monosaccharides

A

molecular formular usually multiples of CH2O. Glucose most common Location of Carbonyl determines if its Aldose or ketose.

18
Q

Disaccharides

A

Formed when dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides .

19
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

Covalent bond that bonds two monosaccharides

20
Q

polysacharrides

A

complex of sugars, have storage and structural roles.

21
Q

Glycogen

A

Two polysaccharides stored in liver and muscles,

22
Q

Steroids

A

Estradiol, Testeriol

lipids with carbon fused rings w/ CH3

23
Q

Cholesterol

A

A type of steroid is a component in animal cell membranes and a precursor for where other steroids are synthesized.
High levels may contribute to cardiovascular disease.

24
Q

Proteins

A

50% of dry mass in most cells. Functions:Storage, transport, movement, structural support, digest, hormones, enzymes, toxins, defense.
Consist of one or more polypeptide.

25
Q

Poly peptides

A

unbranched polymers built from three amino acids

26
Q

Amino Acid

A

organic molecules with amino and carboxyl groups. have side chains (R groups) that differ in properties.

27
Q

Peptide bonds

A

Links the hydroxy to amino in amino acids.

28
Q

polypeptide

A

ploymer of nucleic acid. 1k of monomers and have a carboxy end and amino end (c and N terminus)

29
Q

How many structures of Protein

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

30
Q

Second structure of Protein

A

consist of B plated sheats and A helix Held in place by H bonds.

31
Q

Tertiary structure

A

overall shape of polypeptide. Interactions between chemicals (ionic, hydrogen, van der waals)

32
Q

Disulfide bridges

A

Strong covalent bonds that may reinforce the proteins structure.

33
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Help stabilize the general structure and (two more polypeptide chains form.

34
Q

Denaturation of Protein

A

Loss of protein native structure. Makes it biologically inactive,.

35
Q

What can cause a Protein to become damage / impaired

A

Alterations in PH, salt concentration, temperature, or environmental factors.

36
Q

Nucleic acid

A

Monomoers are nucleotides, Nucleic acids are ploymers called polynucleotides.

37
Q

Nucleotides

A

COnsists of a pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate groups.the portion of nucleotide without a phosphate group is called a nuceloside

38
Q

phosphodieseter linkage

A

links nucleotides. Phosphate group links the sugars of two nucleotides.

39
Q

DNA

A

Carries genetic code, remains in the nucleus, double helix, deoxribose sugar, cytosine, thymine, adenine and guanine

40
Q

RNA

A

involved in protein synthesis, leave the nucleus, usually single stranded and RIbose sugar, cytosine, uracil, adenine, guanine

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