Biological Macromolecules Flashcards
Polymer of amino acids
Protein
What are the two types of nucleic acid?
1) DNA
2) RNA
-deoxyribonucleicacid
-Genetic material
DNA
-ribonucleic acid
-Converting genetic code into proteins
RNA
Area of chromosome that codes for a peptide chain
Gene
Sticking coding sections back together
Splicing
Hydrated carbon Cn(H2O)n
Carbohydrate
Long carbon chains with an acid and and no branches
Fatty acid
No carbon to carbon double bond
Saturated fatty acid
What are more double bond
Unsaturated fatty acid
What 4 chromosomal DNA is not coding
Junk DNA
Pseudogenes
Viral remnants
Regulartory elements
What are the 3 types of membrane lipids
Phospholipids
Glycolipids
Cholesterol
-catalysts
* enzymes speed up reactions
-Detect chemicals
* receptors
-Transport
* in and out of cells
* around body
-Storage
* in cells
-Structural
* Cell skeleton
* hair and nails
-energy source
* protein - 4kcal/g
Protein uses
-20 types
-Alpha carbon connected to amine, carboxylic acid, & hydrogen
-1 variable part
* the side chain
*R group
What is an amino acid?
1)acid reacts with amine
* dehydration/condensation
* lose water
2) amino acids linked= peptide
* protein>50 amino acids
3) N-terminal end= beginning of chain
4) C-terminal end= end of chain
How to make a protein
Structure determines function
-4 levels of structure
1) primary-sequence of amino acids
2) secondary= organized shapes of subsections of sequence
3) tertiary= 3-D shape of entire protein
* always the same for a given protein
4) Quaternary= proteins that contain multiple peptide chains
* each chain= a sub unit
* different chains come from different genes
Protein structure
-genetic material
-Various processes involve in going from genetic material to protein
-not considered a nutrient
Nucleic acid uses
-polymers of nucleotides
-linear
* nucleotides linked end to end to end
* DNA= double stranded
*double helix
*RNA= SINGLE STRANDED
* multiple types
What is DNA/RNA
-combination of three molecules
* base
* info containing component
*3 pyrimidimes
1) cytosine
2) thymine (Only DNA)
3) uracil (only RNA)
*2 purines
1) Adenine
2)guanine
* phosphate
* sugar
* DNA
* RNA
What is a nucleotide?
-Phosphate forms bridge between sugars
*3’ carbon on sugar linked to 5’ carbon on next
*5’ end= start
*3’ end= end of chain
Making RNA/DNA
-base pairing
* hydrogen bonds
*guanine with cytosine
*adenine with thymine
-anti-parallel
DNA double helix
-1 DNA double helix molecule
* wrapped around special proteins, called histones
-humans have 24 DNA molecules
-Humans have 23 chromosome pairs in all cells
* XX= female
* XY= male
What is a chromosome?
-sequences of 3 nucleotides that code for amino acids
-universal/same in all species
-degenerate
* most amino acids have more than one code
-continuous
-non-overlapping
*ABCDEF = ABC, DEF
NOU
ABC, BCD,CDE
The genetic code
-polymorphisms
* differences in nucleotide sequence
can be benign or disease causing
pseudogenes
*snp’s
single nucleotide polymorphisms
>1% of population
sickle cell anaemia
* single nucleotide variant
* basis of forensic DNA test
Genetic variability
-replication
* making a copy of DNA
* needed for cell division
-transcription
* making RNA version of DNA
* first part of gene —> protein
-Translation
* making protein from RNA
Gene related process
-semiconservative
* one strand maintained
* one synthesized new
-Template driven
* maintained strand provides instruction for enzyme
-DNA polymerase= main enzyme
* proofreading ability
Replication
- generates mRNA
- messenger RNA
- a copy of Cohen, strand of DNA
-template driven
-DNA polymerase= main enzyme - no proofreading
Transcription
-mRNA -> protein
-genes have coding and non-coding sections
* coding= exons
* non-coding=introns
-Intron have to be cut out
* pre-mRNA -> mature RNA
*splicing = sticking coating sections back together
-genetic code of mature mRNA read at ribosome
* generate protein
* involves tRNA and rRNA
Transfer RNA -brings incorrect amino acid
Ribosome RNA
Translation
-monomer= monosaccharide
* glucose, fructose
* form rings structures
-polymers often branch
-polymers may consist of a single monomer
-different enzyme required for every addition
* sugar is being joined
-complicated
Cyclone & polymerize of sugars
-EPO (erythropoietin)
* stimulates red blood cell production
* treatment of anaemia
* protein produced in microbes
-collagen
* arthritis means changes in collagen structure
-mucous
-blood groups
*type O = universal red blood cell donor
*type AB= universal red blood cell receptor
-flu virus
* virus protein (hemagglutinin) find sialic acid on host cells, allows virus entry, virus propagates, second protein cuts off sialic acid, allows virus to infect other cells, inhibit second protein
Her monosaccharides can be modified
-Energy and nutrient storage
-Structural: membranes and physical barrier to free movement
-signaling molecules
-hormones
* prostaglandins, leukotrienes
* cannabinoids
* steroids
-binding sites
Uses of fat/lipids
-phospholipids
*2x fatty acids
* phosphate
* glycerol
* alcohol
-glycolipids
*1 fatty acid
*sphingosine
*1 or more sugar
-Cholesterol
What are membrane lipids?
-do not polymerize
* cluster together to avoid water
* saturated can snuggle closer together
* more rigid membrane
* unsaturated - have kinks
Making a membrane
-derived from fatty acids in membrane phospholipids
* prostaglandins/leikotrienes/cannabinoid
-Derived from cholesterol
* steroid hormone
*corticosterone
* sex hormones
* bile acids
Lipid hormones
