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forensic medicine > biological evidence > Flashcards

biological evidence Flashcards

1
Q

most reliable chemical test for blood is

A

benzidine test/Rudolf adler test

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2
Q

wht is interpretation of benzidine test

A

if blood is present dark blue color is
produced immediately a +color is produced by blood of almost any age and any dilution it can detect blood which is 100to 150 yrs old

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3
Q

modern version of benzidine test is

A

combur test
strips are impregnated with organic hydroperoxide and tetramethylbenzidine as colour indicator if hb is present strips turn yellow to green blue

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4
Q

color changes observed if kastle meyers test is positive

A

also K/a phenolphthalein test

pink colour is blood is present

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5
Q

wht colour change if toulidine if blood is present

A

it is for blood

blue

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6
Q

leucomalachite test will be +ve if colour change is

A

it is for blood

peacock blue colour

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7
Q

guaiacum test will be +ve if

A

deep blue

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8
Q

wht is luminol spray test

A

luminol powder (C8H7O3N3) is mixed with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and a hydroxide (e.g., KOH) in a spray bottle. The luminol solution is sprayed where blood might be found. The iron from the hemoglobin in the blood serves as a catalyst for the chemiluminescence reaction that causes luminol to glow, so a blue glow is produced when the solution is sprayed where there is blood.

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9
Q

takayama test is another name for

A

HaemoCHromogen test

only 1 ch in row

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10
Q

tieCHamann’s test is another name of

A

haemin crystal test it is -ve if old

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11
Q

most reliable, specific, and most delicate test for blood is

A

absorption spectroscopy

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12
Q

-ve confirmatory test does not negate the pressence of blood T/F

A

True because confirmatory test are less sensitive thn presumptive test

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13
Q

ABO blood grp can be detected in all body fluids except

A

CSF

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14
Q

bombay blood grp is termed as

A

OH which means absence of H

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15
Q

wht in saliva is used for analysis of its pressence

A

alfa amylase

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16
Q

give test for saliva pressence

A
  • phadebas test not confirmatory for human saliva detects only present of saliva
  • lateral flow immunochromatography strip test use monoclonal antibodies to test alfa amylase
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17
Q

who used RFLP for first time to analyse DNA

A

Dr Alec jeffreys

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18
Q

best test for paternity is

A

DNA analysis

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19
Q

best test for identification is

A

fingerprints

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20
Q

ideal sample for DNA analysis is

A

WBC

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21
Q

most common sample for DNA analysis is

A

buccal smear in living and in dead

spleen and brain but now pcr is preferred

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22
Q

preservative for dna analysis samples

A

EDTA /temp less thn -20 °C

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23
Q

northern blot detects ___

A

RN (North)A

developed by alwine ,kemp and stark

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24
Q

western blotting is method used for

A

detecting proteins eg anti HIV antibodies

developed by Towbin

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25
Q

southern blotting is used for detecting

A

DNA (dakshin )

developed by EM

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26
Q

benefits of mitochondrial dna

A

rarely mutates
imp •when nuclear dna does not exist eg hair,dead may contain mitodna
•also survives in bones and teeth

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27
Q

in takayama test which of the following is seen under microscope

A

pink feathery crystals

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28
Q

species identification is done by

A

precipitin

test

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29
Q

father of forensic psychiatrist

A

paolo zachhia

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30
Q

wht is cotard syndrome

A

person has delusion tht he dead and does not exist

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31
Q

wht is fregoli phenomenon

A

strangers are identified as familiar people

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32
Q

most common hallucinations are

A

visual and auditory

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33
Q

pyromania is

A

desire to set fire to things

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34
Q

multilomania

A

impulse to mutilate animals

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35
Q

dipsomania is

A

irresistible

impulse for alcohalic drinks

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36
Q

oniomania

A

compulsive desire for shopping

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37
Q

wht is section 85 Ipc

A

criminal responsibility of intoxicated person

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38
Q

idiocy is at which IQ

A

0-20

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39
Q

imbecility is at which IQ

A

20-50

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40
Q

normal IQ is

A

more thn 90

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41
Q

mental retardation is IQ less thn

A

70

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42
Q

insane individual should be kept under observation for how much time

A

10 days only with permission a person can be detained upto 30 days

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43
Q

nyctophobia is ?

A

phobia of darkness

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44
Q

mysophobia is

A

phobia for darkness

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45
Q

wht is sec 328 and 329

A

examination of mentally ill patients

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46
Q

mental health act deals with such individuals which are known as

A

mentally ill

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47
Q

delusion is disorder of

A

thought

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48
Q

schizophrenia like psychosis is seen with chronic use of ____

A

amphetamine

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49
Q

name legislation regarding insanity

A

mcnaughton curren

durnams

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50
Q

criminal responsibility of a person of unsound mind in india is incorporated in the IPC section ____

A

84

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51
Q

indian lunancy act was passed in

A

1881

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52
Q

mtp act was passed in

A

1971

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53
Q

hypothermia is defined as

A

temp below 35°C

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54
Q

most characteristic findings of thermal injury

A

fat necrosis of pancreas

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55
Q

hide and die phenomenon is seen in

A

hypothermia

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56
Q

most imp finding ob autopsy in heat stroke is

A

edema and reduction of purkinje cells

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57
Q

area required to label a burn grievous is ??

A

1/3 rd

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58
Q

absolute proof that person was alive when fire occurred is

A

soot particles are present in trachea

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59
Q

wht is heat hematoma

A
  • extradural hrge
  • clot has honey comb appearence
  • most common site is parietotemporal
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60
Q

pugulistic attitude is seen in

A

burns both AM and PM due to contraction of muscles due to coagulation of albumin in them

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61
Q

wht is ĺitchenberg flowers are

A

also ka filligiri burns
skin lesions in the form of tree like reddish brown pattern on the surface of skin
it is due to paralysis of capillaries and thermal denaturation of erythrocytes

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62
Q

color of scab with HNO3

A

yellow-brown scab

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63
Q

colour of scab with sulphuric acid

A

black brown scab

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64
Q

HCL causes___ colour of scab

A

white to grey

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65
Q

who is a still born child

A

born after 28 wks of pregnancy and donot show any signs of life

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66
Q

wht is ball sign /blair hartley sogn

A

hyperflexion of spine

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67
Q

wht is helix sign

A

gas in umblical arteries

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68
Q

wht is deuel halo sign

A

increase in pericranial fat

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69
Q

why is abdomen opened before thorax during an infant autopsy in a

A

to note the level of diaphragm to see wether the child is still born or live born the level of diaphragm is lower after respiration ie 6th and 7th rib

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70
Q

test for live birth are

A 
wreden's test
breslau's
fodere
ploquet test 
hydrostatic floatation test
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71
Q

wht is fodre test

A

weight of lungs
30 gm in still born
60 gm in live born

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72
Q

wht is section 317 IPC

A

abandoning the fetus

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73
Q

wht is section 318 IPC

A

concealment of birth

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74
Q

most common site where umblical cord is torn is

A

fetal end

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75
Q

cause of death in SIDS is

A

sleep apnea

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76
Q

wht is live birth

A

a child showing signs of life even when only a part of child is out of the mother

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77
Q

wht is wreden test

A

it is test for live birth

for air in middle ear

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78
Q

wht is most reliable confirmation for the pressence of semen

A

it is the positive visual identification of sperm cells using christmas tree stain ùa

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79
Q

give confirmatory tests for semen

A
  • Christmas tree stain
  • rapid stain identification semen test (it identifies seminal vesicle antigen)
  • prostate specific antigen [ glycoprotein p30 is used ]
  • MHSS1
  • LDH isoenzyme using electrophoresis method
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80
Q

wht is absolute proof of sexual intercourse

A

1 unbroken sperm or lactate dehydrogenase enzyme

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81
Q

no of sperms motile after 3 hrs

A

100%
80% after 8 hrs
10%till 24 hrs

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82
Q

spermatozoa within wet mount is suggestive of sexual intercourse within

A

24 hrs

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83
Q

presumptive test for semen

A 
visual detection using blue light 
or uv light 
•acid phosphatase test 
[brentamine spot test ]
•florence test 》if semen is present dark brown crystals of choline iodide appear
•barberio test 》when picric acid is added to spermatic fluid yellow needle shaped rhombic crystals are detected 
• creatinine phosphokinase test 
•ammonium molybdate
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84
Q

wht is statutory rape

A

rape with or without consent when she is under the age of 18 yrs

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85
Q

when a women can give valid consent for sexual intercourse

A

18 yrs and above

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86
Q

rape on virgin cause tear at which place of hymen

A

at posterolateral position of hymen

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87
Q

punishment for gangrape is

A

20 yrs

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88
Q

punishment if rape concludes in death of victim or victim entering into coma

A

death penalty

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89
Q

wht is section 326 A

A

acid attack punishment is 10yr to life imprisonment and fine collection is given to victims for treatment

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90
Q

punishment for sexual harassment

A

3 yrs under 354 A

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91
Q

wht is section 354

A

Bif man assault a women to be naked
punishment is bw 3-7 yrs
354C
voyeurism
act of watching person engaging in private activities
punishment from 1 to 3 yrs
354 D 》 stalking both physically and through electronic media

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92
Q

sec 531

A

reasonable force to examine the accused

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93
Q

sec 532

A

victim to be examined by female RMP

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94
Q

section 327

A

rape case should be conducted under camera

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95
Q

wht is sec 497

A

deals with adultry

a woman cannot be charged with adultry

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96
Q

wht is sec377

A

unnatural sexual offences

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97
Q

wht is gerontophilia

A

in sodomy when passive agent is adult

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98
Q

wht is buggery

A

sodomy ie anal intercourse

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99
Q

wht is paedophiles

A

adult involved in sexual activity with children

100
Q

wht is ipsation or onanism

A

masturbation

101
Q

eunuchs

A

male prostitutes

102
Q

triad of violent asphyxial deaths

A
  • cyanosis •petechiae( tardieu spots)

* visceral comgestion

103
Q

hanging is mostly

A

suicidal

104
Q

,histotoxic anoxia is caused by

A

▪extracellular
cyanide
aluminium
phosphide
▪pericellular
oxygen cannot gain access into cell eg halothane
▪metabolic 》end products of metabolism cannot be removed thereby preventing further metabolism eg uraemia ,co2 poisoning

105
Q

chemical marker for asphyxia

A

hypoxanthine

106
Q

stages of asphyxia

A

stage of forced respiration stage of convulsions stage of paralysis

107
Q

contricting force in complete hanging

A

weight of the

body

108
Q

constricting force in partial hanging

A

weight of head

109
Q

wht is bayards ecchymoses

A

tardieus spots seen due rise in venous pressure

110
Q

amussats sign

A

horizontal laceration of intimal layer of carotid arteries in hanging

111
Q

pm appearence of asphyxia

A

location of ligature mark in neck is most important sign

ligature mark is situated above the level of thyroid bw larynx and chin

112
Q

most imp ext sign of antemortem hanging

A

dribbling of saliva from the angle of mouth

113
Q

le facies sympathique

A

it is vital sign of antemortem hanging when the knot presses cervical sympathetic trunk eye on tht side remains open and pupil is dilated

114
Q

cause of death in judicial hanging is

A

brainstem damage

115
Q

which vertebrae #in judicial hanging

A

C2 from C3

length of rope is equal to height of individual

116
Q

location of knot in judicial hanging

A

below the chin

117
Q

type os #of hyoid bone in hanging

A

ant post compression # ie abduction #

118
Q

most common site of #of hyoid bone in hanging is

A

at junction of inner 2/3 rd and outer 1/3 rd

119
Q

difference between ligature mark in hanging and strangulation

A

in strangulation it completely encircle and is below the thyroid whereas it is above thyroid and incompletely encircles in hanging

120
Q

mugging is?

A

homicidal strangulation by holding neck in bend of elbow

121
Q

bansdola is

A

strangulation with sticks homicidal strangulation

122
Q

garroting is ??

A

strangulation by twisting a lever like torniquet around the neck

123
Q

signs of asphyxia is

A

▪cyanosis
▪congestion •tsrdieu spotsinc •fluidity of blood
•rht sided ▪heart is engorged

124
Q

wht is

masque ecchymotique

A

traumatic asphyxia respiratory arrest due to mechanical fixation of chest so tht normal movement are prevented

125
Q

kotzwarraism is

A

term associated with auto eroticism

126
Q

most characteristic ext sign of drowning is

A

fine,white ,leathery ,tenacious persistent and copius froth

127
Q

surest sign of antemortem drowning is

A

cadaveric spasm holding things which are floating in water due to cataleptic rigidity

128
Q

wht is emphysema aquosum

A

in wet drowning the lungs are overdistended and has marbled appearence with grey blue to dark red areas

129
Q

paltaufs haemorrhages are seen in

A

alveolar walls may rupture due to increased pressure during forced expiration and produce subpleural hrge

130
Q

give changes on pm in drowning of
ear
shoulder girdle
git

A

ear》 bluish purple discoloration of roof of air cells
shoulder girdle bruise or rupture of muscles
GIT》 water in stomach MORO sign

131
Q

wht is gettlers chloride test

A

in case of fresh water drowning the chloride content on left side of heart is 50 % lower

132
Q

wht is moritz mg test

A

high level of plasma mg in left heart in contrast to rht heart is due to absorption of mg from salt water

133
Q

cause of death in fresh water drowning

A

ventricular fibrillation

134
Q

cause of death in drowning in sea water is

A

bradycardia》cardiac asystole

135
Q

most imp internal sign of drowning is

A

pressence of diatoms in bone marrow

136
Q

ideal bone for diatoms diagnosis is

A

femur

137
Q

most commonly used bone for diatoms is

A

sternum

138
Q

diatoms are examined by

A

acid digestion technique

139
Q 
ligature mark of hanging is 
•transversely placed 
•at the level of thyroid cartilage 
•completely encircles neck 
•hard ,pale ,parchment like
A

hard ,pale and parchment like

140
Q

wht is complete and incomplete hanging

A

in incomplete hanging body is partially suspended

141
Q

wht is typical and atypical hanging

A

in typical hanging knot on occipital region but in atypical knot on any site other thn that of typical hanging

142
Q

transverse tear in intima of carotid arteries is seen in

A

judicial hanging

143
Q 
a type of homicidal strangulation is 
lynching
smothering 
burking 
garroting
A

garroting

144
Q

2kgms pressure can compress ___

A

jugular veins

145
Q 
death in sexual asphyxia is 
homicidal 
accidental 
suicidal
judicial
A

accidental

146
Q

cause of death in cafe coronary is

A

laryngeal spasm

147
Q

cause of death in hydrocution is

A

cardiac arrest

148
Q

hyperkalemia is associated with

A

fresh water drowning

149
Q

death in dry drowning is due to

A

laryngeal spasm /vasovagal syncope

150
Q

paltauf hrges are seen in

A

lungs seen in postmortem of drowning patients

151
Q

cause of death in hydrocution is due to

A

cardiac arrest

152
Q

hyperventilation drowning deaths are

A

accidental

153
Q

burking consist of

A

smothering and traumatic asphyxia

154
Q

froth from drowning can be differentiate from other causes by

A

microscopic detection of mucous

155
Q

most common type of drowning is

A

accidental

156
Q

le facies sympathique is seen in

A

hanging

157
Q

maximum congestion is seen in
hanging
chocking
strangulation drowning

A

strangulation

158
Q

odema aquosum occurs in

A

submersion of unconscious

159
Q 
in case of hanging neck ligature marks are example of 
•confusion 
•printed abrasion 
•laceration 
•briuse
A

printed abrasion

160
Q

most specific sign indicating death due to hanging is

A

dribbling of saliva

161
Q

give age of abrasion sequence

A 
fresh》bright red
1 day》bright scab
2 -3rdday》reddish brown scab
4to7 day epithelium covers the defect 
after 7 days scab dries,shrinks and fall out
162
Q

colour changes of bruise start from

A

periphery to centre

163
Q

which bruise does not show colour change

A

subconjunctival ecchymosis and meningeal hemorrhage

164
Q

why bruise is less valuable than abrasion

A
  • size of the bruise does not correspond to injury
  • ectopic bruising
  • delayed bruising
  • donot indicate direction of force
165
Q

wht is battle sign

A

bruise over n #of middle cranial fossa

166
Q

racoon sign

A

bilateral periocular bruising due to # base of ant cranial fossa

167
Q

dd of racoon sign is

A

amyloid eye

168
Q

wht is incision test

A

it differentiate bruise from hypostasis

blood is easily washed in hypostasis but not in bruise

169
Q

most imp direction of stab wound is

A

depth

170
Q

stab wound through which part of heart is more fata l

A

rht sided ventricle atrium or ventricle is more fatal thn left side as left sided can heal on its own on contraction

171
Q

most common organ injured in direct stab injury

A

liver >bowel >diaphragm >colon

172
Q

most fragile skull bone to get fractured is ??

A

temporal bone

173
Q

contrecoup injury is least likely to occur in

A

forward fall as brain hits post fossa walls which hve smooth interiors thn frontal and temporal bone

174
Q

boxing injuries cause ___ hrge

A

subdural hmrge 》it can lead to Parkinson’s disease like symptoms called dementia pugilistica or punch drunk syndrome causes deterioration of speed and coordination

175
Q

least common type of intracranial hrge

A

extradural

176
Q

artery causing extradural hrge is

A

ant branch of middle meningeal artery

177
Q

lucid interval is present in

A

extradural hrge

178
Q

biconvex appearence of hrge is seen in

A

extradural hrge

179
Q

cresent shape hrge is

A

subdural

180
Q

most common hrge

A

subdural

181
Q

wht is calibre of gun

A

distance bw two diagonally opposite lands

182
Q

wht does bore of a gun determines

A

size of pellets in shot gun

183
Q

range of revolver is

A

100 m

184
Q

black gun powder consists of

A

potassium nitrate》75%
sulphur 》10%
charcoal 》15%

185
Q

use of potassium nitrate

A

oxidising agent

186
Q

test done to detect gun powder on hand is

A

dermal nitrate test or paraffin wax test or diphenylamine test

187
Q

use of sulphur in gun powder is

A

increase density by acting as binding agent

188
Q

charcoal use in gun powder

A

fuel

189
Q

smokeless powder contains ____

A

nitroglycerin nitrocellulose it produces less flame and smoke and gets completely burnt

190
Q

a larger ballistic coffiecient indicates

A

projectile will move more effectively and lose less velocity as they travel

191
Q

extent of muscle damage by bullet depends primarily

A

velocity

192
Q

dumdum bullet

A

fragments extensively upon striking

193
Q

express bullet

A

bullet hving hole

194
Q

tracer bullet

A

powder in base so tht it burns brilliantly

195
Q

incendiary bullets

A

contain phosphorous

196
Q

souvenir bullet

A

bullet remains in body for long causes chronic lead poisoning

197
Q

glance bullet causes

A

bullet

causing gutter #

198
Q

wht is mushrooming of bullet

A

bullet with soft nose after hitting target gets deformed

199
Q

most severely effected organs in air blast

A

lungs

200
Q

most severely effects which organ in water blasts

A

GIT

201
Q

amount blood in relation to body wht in human

A

5-6%

202
Q

greenish colour in contusion is due

A

hematoidin

203
Q

effective range of shot gun

A

30-40 yards

204
Q

false vesication differs from true vesication by

A
  • produced after death
  • vesicles contain gas and no fluid
  • no inflammatory or respiratory zone present
205
Q

spinal cord is opened from

A

back

206
Q

embalming fluid contains

A

formaldehyde, methanol, ethanol,phenol,glycerine

207
Q

embalming is never done before postmortem

T/f

A

T as it can completely destroy some substances

208
Q

viscera should be refrigerated at ____

A

4°c
if not forwarded to chemical examiner
for longer duration viscera should be preserved at -20°C

209
Q

most imp enzyme for putrefaction

A

lecithinase

210
Q

first ext sign of putrefaction is

A

greenish discoloration of skin over caecum due to sulphmethhaemoglobin
color appears in 12-18 hrs in summer and 1to 2 days in winter

211
Q

greenish discoloration is seen in wht time

A

12 to 18 hrs in summer

1 to 2 dys in winters

212
Q

marbled appearence is prominent in ___hrs

A

36 to 48 hrs

213
Q

putrefaction crystals

A

yellow particles made of tyrosine and leucine found on surface and bottom side of liver

214
Q

liver shows ___ type of consistency

A

swiss cheese appearence

215
Q

order in which organs show putrefaction is

A

larynx, trachea 》stomach, intestine, spleen 》liver and lungs 》brain》uterus, prostate 》skin 》bone

216
Q

name organ resisting putrefaction for long

A

prostate and non gravid uterus

217
Q

casper dictum

A

1 wk putrefaction in air =2 wk putrefaction in water =8wk putrefaction in soil

218
Q

surest sign of death is

A

putrefaction

219
Q

first aa to disappear in putrefaction

A

proline

hydroxyproline

220
Q

last aa to disappear in putrefaction is

A

glycine

221
Q

IOP of eye falls nil by

A

2 hrs

222
Q

postmortem caloricity is in poisoning from

A

strychnine

223
Q

fixation of hypostasis occur in

A

6-8hrs

224
Q

patchy postmortem hypostasis can be seen in

A

1/2 to 1 hr after death

225
Q

first structure to hve rigor mortis

A

heart

226
Q

length of esophagus is about

A

25 cm

227
Q

bacteria helpful in adipocere formation

A

clostrium welchii

228
Q

rate of growth of beard hair is

A

0 4mm/day

229
Q

tachie noires are seen

after death

A

3 hours

230
Q

hypostasis lasts for

A

days

231
Q

immediate stiffness postmortem occurs in

A

cadaveric spasm

232
Q 
temp in the body rises up for first 2 hrs after death
except??
•sunstroke 
•septicemia 
•strychnine poisoning
•tetanus 
•frost bite
A

frost bite

233
Q

maggots in a dead body is not seen within

A

48 hrs

234
Q

rigor mortis first starts in ??

A

upper eyelids

235
Q

cardiac polyp is a term used for postmortem

A

fibrinous clots in heart

236
Q

adipocere is likely seen in which climate

A

warm humid climate

237
Q

putrefaction starts first in

A

liver

238
Q

temperature of dead person is best measured by

A

rectum

239
Q

corpus delicti means

A

essence of crime

240
Q

minimal age of a person who can give consent for age determination is

A

12yr

241
Q

conduct money is payable to

A

a witness in the civil court

242
Q

open verdict in coroners inquest means

A

judgement made public

243
Q

1st class magistrate can give punishment upto

A

imprisonment upto 3yrs snd fine upto rs 5000

can give order for exhumation

244
Q

2nd class magistrate can imprison upto

A

1 yr and fine upto

Rs 5000

245
Q

max punishment of chief judicial magistrate

A

imprisonment upto 7 yrs

246
Q

time limit for cross examination is

A

no time limit

forensic medicine (4 decks)

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