biological evidence Flashcards
1
Q
most reliable chemical test for blood is
A
benzidine test/Rudolf adler test
2
Q
wht is interpretation of benzidine test
A
if blood is present dark blue color is
produced immediately a +color is produced by blood of almost any age and any dilution it can detect blood which is 100to 150 yrs old
3
Q
modern version of benzidine test is
A
combur test
strips are impregnated with organic hydroperoxide and tetramethylbenzidine as colour indicator if hb is present strips turn yellow to green blue
4
Q
color changes observed if kastle meyers test is positive
A
also K/a phenolphthalein test
pink colour is blood is present
5
Q
wht colour change if toulidine if blood is present
A
it is for blood
blue
6
Q
leucomalachite test will be +ve if colour change is
A
it is for blood
peacock blue colour
7
Q
guaiacum test will be +ve if
A
deep blue
8
Q
wht is luminol spray test
A
luminol powder (C8H7O3N3) is mixed with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and a hydroxide (e.g., KOH) in a spray bottle. The luminol solution is sprayed where blood might be found. The iron from the hemoglobin in the blood serves as a catalyst for the chemiluminescence reaction that causes luminol to glow, so a blue glow is produced when the solution is sprayed where there is blood.
9
Q
takayama test is another name for
A
HaemoCHromogen test
only 1 ch in row
10
Q
tieCHamann’s test is another name of
A
haemin crystal test it is -ve if old
11
Q
most reliable, specific, and most delicate test for blood is
A
absorption spectroscopy
12
Q
-ve confirmatory test does not negate the pressence of blood T/F
A
True because confirmatory test are less sensitive thn presumptive test
13
Q
ABO blood grp can be detected in all body fluids except
A
CSF
14
Q
bombay blood grp is termed as
A
OH which means absence of H
15
Q
wht in saliva is used for analysis of its pressence
A
alfa amylase
16
Q
give test for saliva pressence
A
- phadebas test not confirmatory for human saliva detects only present of saliva
- lateral flow immunochromatography strip test use monoclonal antibodies to test alfa amylase
17
Q
who used RFLP for first time to analyse DNA
A
Dr Alec jeffreys
18
Q
best test for paternity is
A
DNA analysis
19
Q
best test for identification is
A
fingerprints
20
Q
ideal sample for DNA analysis is
A
WBC
21
Q
most common sample for DNA analysis is
A
buccal smear in living and in dead
spleen and brain but now pcr is preferred
22
Q
preservative for dna analysis samples
A
EDTA /temp less thn -20 °C
23
Q
northern blot detects ___
A
RN (North)A
developed by alwine ,kemp and stark
24
Q
western blotting is method used for
A
detecting proteins eg anti HIV antibodies
developed by Towbin
25
southern blotting is used for detecting
DNA (dakshin )
| developed by EM
26
benefits of mitochondrial dna
rarely mutates
imp •when nuclear dna does not exist eg hair,dead may contain mitodna
•also survives in bones and teeth
27
in takayama test which of the following is seen under microscope
pink feathery crystals
28
species identification is done by
precipitin
| test
29
father of forensic psychiatrist
paolo zachhia
30
wht is cotard syndrome
person has delusion tht he dead and does not exist
31
wht is fregoli phenomenon
strangers are identified as familiar people
32
most common hallucinations are
visual and auditory
33
pyromania is
desire to set fire to things
34
multilomania
impulse to mutilate animals
35
dipsomania is
irresistible
| impulse for alcohalic drinks
36
oniomania
compulsive desire for shopping
37
wht is section 85 Ipc
criminal responsibility of intoxicated person
38
idiocy is at which IQ
0-20
39
imbecility is at which IQ
20-50
40
normal IQ is
more thn 90
41
mental retardation is IQ less thn
70
42
insane individual should be kept under observation for how much time
10 days only with permission a person can be detained upto 30 days
43
nyctophobia is ?
phobia of darkness
44
mysophobia is
phobia for darkness
45
wht is sec 328 and 329
examination of mentally ill patients
46
mental health act deals with such individuals which are known as
mentally ill
47
delusion is disorder of
thought
48
schizophrenia like psychosis is seen with chronic use of ____
amphetamine
49
name legislation regarding insanity
mcnaughton curren
| durnams
50
criminal responsibility of a person of unsound mind in india is incorporated in the IPC section ____
84
51
indian lunancy act was passed in
1881
52
mtp act was passed in
1971
53
hypothermia is defined as
temp below 35°C
54
most characteristic findings of thermal injury
fat necrosis of pancreas
55
hide and die phenomenon is seen in
hypothermia
56
most imp finding ob autopsy in heat stroke is
edema and reduction of purkinje cells
57
area required to label a burn grievous is ??
1/3 rd
58
absolute proof that person was alive when fire occurred is
soot particles are present in trachea
59
wht is heat hematoma
* extradural hrge
* clot has honey comb appearence
* most common site is parietotemporal
60
pugulistic attitude is seen in
burns both AM and PM due to contraction of muscles due to coagulation of albumin in them
61
wht is ĺitchenberg flowers are
also ka filligiri burns
skin lesions in the form of tree like reddish brown pattern on the surface of skin
it is due to paralysis of capillaries and thermal denaturation of erythrocytes
62
color of scab with HNO3
yellow-brown scab
63
colour of scab with sulphuric acid
black brown scab
64
HCL causes___ colour of scab
white to grey
65
who is a still born child
born after 28 wks of pregnancy and donot show any signs of life
66
wht is ball sign /blair hartley sogn
hyperflexion of spine
67
wht is helix sign
gas in umblical arteries
68
wht is deuel halo sign
increase in pericranial fat
69
why is abdomen opened before thorax during an infant autopsy in a
to note the level of diaphragm to see wether the child is still born or live born the level of diaphragm is lower after respiration ie 6th and 7th rib
70
test for live birth are
```
wreden's test
breslau's
fodere
ploquet test
hydrostatic floatation test
```
71
wht is fodre test
weight of lungs
30 gm in still born
60 gm in live born
72
wht is section 317 IPC
abandoning the fetus
73
wht is section 318 IPC
concealment of birth
74
most common site where umblical cord is torn is
fetal end
75
cause of death in SIDS is
sleep apnea
76
wht is live birth
a child showing signs of life even when only a part of child is out of the mother
77
wht is wreden test
it is test for live birth
| for air in middle ear
78
wht is most reliable confirmation for the pressence of semen
it is the positive visual identification of sperm cells using christmas tree stain ùa
79
give confirmatory tests for semen
* Christmas tree stain
* rapid stain identification semen test (it identifies seminal vesicle antigen)
* prostate specific antigen [ glycoprotein p30 is used ]
* MHSS1
* LDH isoenzyme using electrophoresis method
80
wht is absolute proof of sexual intercourse
1 unbroken sperm or lactate dehydrogenase enzyme
81
no of sperms motile after 3 hrs
100%
80% after 8 hrs
10%till 24 hrs
82
spermatozoa within wet mount is suggestive of sexual intercourse within
24 hrs
83
presumptive test for semen
```
visual detection using blue light
or uv light
•acid phosphatase test
[brentamine spot test ]
•florence test 》if semen is present dark brown crystals of choline iodide appear
•barberio test 》when picric acid is added to spermatic fluid yellow needle shaped rhombic crystals are detected
• creatinine phosphokinase test
•ammonium molybdate
```
84
wht is statutory rape
rape with or without consent when she is under the age of 18 yrs
85
when a women can give valid consent for sexual intercourse
18 yrs and above
86
rape on virgin cause tear at which place of hymen
at posterolateral position of hymen
87
punishment for gangrape is
20 yrs
88
punishment if rape concludes in death of victim or victim entering into coma
death penalty
89
wht is section 326 A
acid attack punishment is 10yr to life imprisonment and fine collection is given to victims for treatment
90
punishment for sexual harassment
3 yrs under 354 A
91
wht is section 354
Bif man assault a women to be naked
punishment is bw 3-7 yrs
354C
voyeurism
act of watching person engaging in private activities
punishment from 1 to 3 yrs
354 D 》 stalking both physically and through electronic media
92
sec 531
reasonable force to examine the accused
93
sec 532
victim to be examined by female RMP
94
section 327
rape case should be conducted under camera
95
wht is sec 497
deals with adultry
| a woman cannot be charged with adultry
96
wht is sec377
unnatural sexual offences
97
wht is gerontophilia
in sodomy when passive agent is adult
98
wht is buggery
sodomy ie anal intercourse
99
wht is paedophiles
adult involved in sexual activity with children
100
wht is ipsation or onanism
masturbation
101
eunuchs
male prostitutes
102
triad of violent asphyxial deaths
* cyanosis •petechiae( tardieu spots)
| * visceral comgestion
103
hanging is mostly
suicidal
104
,histotoxic anoxia is caused by
▪extracellular
cyanide
aluminium
phosphide
▪pericellular
oxygen cannot gain access into cell eg halothane
▪metabolic 》end products of metabolism cannot be removed thereby preventing further metabolism eg uraemia ,co2 poisoning
105
chemical marker for asphyxia
hypoxanthine
106
stages of asphyxia
stage of forced respiration stage of convulsions stage of paralysis
107
contricting force in complete hanging
weight of the
| body
108
constricting force in partial hanging
weight of head
109
wht is bayards ecchymoses
tardieus spots seen due rise in venous pressure
110
amussats sign
horizontal laceration of intimal layer of carotid arteries in hanging
111
pm appearence of asphyxia
location of ligature mark in neck is most important sign
| ligature mark is situated above the level of thyroid bw larynx and chin
112
most imp ext sign of antemortem hanging
dribbling of saliva from the angle of mouth
113
le facies sympathique
it is vital sign of antemortem hanging when the knot presses cervical sympathetic trunk eye on tht side remains open and pupil is dilated
114
cause of death in judicial hanging is
brainstem damage
115
which vertebrae #in judicial hanging
C2 from C3
| length of rope is equal to height of individual
116
location of knot in judicial hanging
below the chin
117
type os #of hyoid bone in hanging
ant post compression # ie abduction #
118
most common site of #of hyoid bone in hanging is
at junction of inner 2/3 rd and outer 1/3 rd
119
difference between ligature mark in hanging and strangulation
in strangulation it completely encircle and is below the thyroid whereas it is above thyroid and incompletely encircles in hanging
120
mugging is?
homicidal strangulation by holding neck in bend of elbow
121
bansdola is
strangulation with sticks homicidal strangulation
122
garroting is ??
strangulation by twisting a lever like torniquet around the neck
123
signs of asphyxia is
▪cyanosis
▪congestion •tsrdieu spotsinc •fluidity of blood
•rht sided ▪heart is engorged
124
wht is
| masque ecchymotique
traumatic asphyxia respiratory arrest due to mechanical fixation of chest so tht normal movement are prevented
125
kotzwarraism is
term associated with auto eroticism
126
most characteristic ext sign of drowning is
fine,white ,leathery ,tenacious persistent and copius froth
127
surest sign of antemortem drowning is
cadaveric spasm holding things which are floating in water due to cataleptic rigidity
128
wht is emphysema aquosum
in wet drowning the lungs are overdistended and has marbled appearence with grey blue to dark red areas
129
paltaufs haemorrhages are seen in
alveolar walls may rupture due to increased pressure during forced expiration and produce subpleural hrge
130
give changes on pm in drowning of
ear
shoulder girdle
git
ear》 bluish purple discoloration of roof of air cells
shoulder girdle bruise or rupture of muscles
GIT》 water in stomach MORO sign
131
wht is gettlers chloride test
in case of fresh water drowning the chloride content on left side of heart is 50 % lower
132
wht is moritz mg test
high level of plasma mg in left heart in contrast to rht heart is due to absorption of mg from salt water
133
cause of death in fresh water drowning
ventricular fibrillation
134
cause of death in drowning in sea water is
bradycardia》cardiac asystole
135
most imp internal sign of drowning is
pressence of diatoms in bone marrow
136
ideal bone for diatoms diagnosis is
femur
137
most commonly used bone for diatoms is
sternum
138
diatoms are examined by
acid digestion technique
139
```
ligature mark of hanging is
•transversely placed
•at the level of thyroid cartilage
•completely encircles neck
•hard ,pale ,parchment like
```
hard ,pale and parchment like
140
wht is complete and incomplete hanging
in incomplete hanging body is partially suspended
141
wht is typical and atypical hanging
in typical hanging knot on occipital region but in atypical knot on any site other thn that of typical hanging
142
transverse tear in intima of carotid arteries is seen in
judicial hanging
143
```
a type of homicidal strangulation is
lynching
smothering
burking
garroting
```
garroting
144
2kgms pressure can compress ___
jugular veins
145
```
death in sexual asphyxia is
homicidal
accidental
suicidal
judicial
```
accidental
146
cause of death in cafe coronary is
laryngeal spasm
147
cause of death in hydrocution is
cardiac arrest
148
hyperkalemia is associated with
fresh water drowning
149
death in dry drowning is due to
laryngeal spasm /vasovagal syncope
150
paltauf hrges are seen in
lungs seen in postmortem of drowning patients
151
cause of death in hydrocution is due to
cardiac arrest
152
hyperventilation drowning deaths are
accidental
153
burking consist of
smothering and traumatic asphyxia
154
froth from drowning can be differentiate from other causes by
microscopic detection of mucous
155
most common type of drowning is
accidental
156
le facies sympathique is seen in
hanging
157
maximum congestion is seen in
hanging
chocking
strangulation drowning
strangulation
158
odema aquosum occurs in
submersion of unconscious
159
```
in case of hanging neck ligature marks are example of
•confusion
•printed abrasion
•laceration
•briuse
```
printed abrasion
160
most specific sign indicating death due to hanging is
dribbling of saliva
161
give age of abrasion sequence
```
fresh》bright red
1 day》bright scab
2 -3rdday》reddish brown scab
4to7 day epithelium covers the defect
after 7 days scab dries,shrinks and fall out
```
162
colour changes of bruise start from
periphery to centre
163
which bruise does not show colour change
subconjunctival ecchymosis and meningeal hemorrhage
164
why bruise is less valuable than abrasion
* size of the bruise does not correspond to injury
* ectopic bruising
* delayed bruising
* donot indicate direction of force
165
wht is battle sign
bruise over n #of middle cranial fossa
166
racoon sign
bilateral periocular bruising due to # base of ant cranial fossa
167
dd of racoon sign is
amyloid eye
168
wht is incision test
it differentiate bruise from hypostasis
| blood is easily washed in hypostasis but not in bruise
169
most imp direction of stab wound is
depth
170
stab wound through which part of heart is more fata l
rht sided ventricle atrium or ventricle is more fatal thn left side as left sided can heal on its own on contraction
171
most common organ injured in direct stab injury
liver >bowel >diaphragm >colon
172
most fragile skull bone to get fractured is ??
temporal bone
173
contrecoup injury is least likely to occur in
forward fall as brain hits post fossa walls which hve smooth interiors thn frontal and temporal bone
174
boxing injuries cause ___ hrge
subdural hmrge 》it can lead to Parkinson's disease like symptoms called dementia pugilistica or punch drunk syndrome causes deterioration of speed and coordination
175
least common type of intracranial hrge
extradural
176
artery causing extradural hrge is
ant branch of middle meningeal artery
177
lucid interval is present in
extradural hrge
178
biconvex appearence of hrge is seen in
extradural hrge
179
cresent shape hrge is
subdural
180
most common hrge
subdural
181
wht is calibre of gun
distance bw two diagonally opposite lands
182
wht does bore of a gun determines
size of pellets in shot gun
183
range of revolver is
100 m
184
black gun powder consists of
potassium nitrate》75%
sulphur 》10%
charcoal 》15%
185
use of potassium nitrate
oxidising agent
186
test done to detect gun powder on hand is
dermal nitrate test or paraffin wax test or diphenylamine test
187
use of sulphur in gun powder is
increase density by acting as binding agent
188
charcoal use in gun powder
fuel
189
smokeless powder contains ____
nitroglycerin nitrocellulose it produces less flame and smoke and gets completely burnt
190
a larger ballistic coffiecient indicates
projectile will move more effectively and lose less velocity as they travel
191
extent of muscle damage by bullet depends primarily
velocity
192
dumdum bullet
fragments extensively upon striking
193
express bullet
bullet hving hole
194
tracer bullet
powder in base so tht it burns brilliantly
195
incendiary bullets
contain phosphorous
196
souvenir bullet
bullet remains in body for long causes chronic lead poisoning
197
glance bullet causes
bullet
| causing gutter #
198
wht is mushrooming of bullet
bullet with soft nose after hitting target gets deformed
199
most severely effected organs in air blast
lungs
200
most severely effects which organ in water blasts
GIT
201
amount blood in relation to body wht in human
5-6%
202
greenish colour in contusion is due
hematoidin
203
effective range of shot gun
30-40 yards
204
false vesication differs from true vesication by
* produced after death
* vesicles contain gas and no fluid
* no inflammatory or respiratory zone present
205
spinal cord is opened from
back
206
embalming fluid contains
formaldehyde, methanol, ethanol,phenol,glycerine
207
embalming is never done before postmortem
| T/f
T as it can completely destroy some substances
208
viscera should be refrigerated at ____
4°c
if not forwarded to chemical examiner
for longer duration viscera should be preserved at -20°C
209
most imp enzyme for putrefaction
lecithinase
210
first ext sign of putrefaction is
greenish discoloration of skin over caecum due to sulphmethhaemoglobin
color appears in 12-18 hrs in summer and 1to 2 days in winter
211
greenish discoloration is seen in wht time
12 to 18 hrs in summer
| 1 to 2 dys in winters
212
marbled appearence is prominent in ___hrs
36 to 48 hrs
213
putrefaction crystals
yellow particles made of tyrosine and leucine found on surface and bottom side of liver
214
liver shows ___ type of consistency
swiss cheese appearence
215
order in which organs show putrefaction is
larynx, trachea 》stomach, intestine, spleen 》liver and lungs 》brain》uterus, prostate 》skin 》bone
216
name organ resisting putrefaction for long
prostate and non gravid uterus
217
casper dictum
1 wk putrefaction in air =2 wk putrefaction in water =8wk putrefaction in soil
218
surest sign of death is
putrefaction
219
first aa to disappear in putrefaction
proline
| hydroxyproline
220
last aa to disappear in putrefaction is
glycine
221
IOP of eye falls nil by
2 hrs
222
postmortem caloricity is in poisoning from
strychnine
223
fixation of hypostasis occur in
6-8hrs
224
patchy postmortem hypostasis can be seen in
1/2 to 1 hr after death
225
first structure to hve rigor mortis
heart
226
length of esophagus is about
25 cm
227
bacteria helpful in adipocere formation
clostrium welchii
228
rate of growth of beard hair is
0 4mm/day
229
tachie noires are seen
| after death
3 hours
230
hypostasis lasts for
days
231
immediate stiffness postmortem occurs in
cadaveric spasm
232
```
temp in the body rises up for first 2 hrs after death
except??
•sunstroke
•septicemia
•strychnine poisoning
•tetanus
•frost bite
```
frost bite
233
maggots in a dead body is not seen within
48 hrs
234
rigor mortis first starts in ??
upper eyelids
235
cardiac polyp is a term used for postmortem
fibrinous clots in heart
236
adipocere is likely seen in which climate
warm humid climate
237
putrefaction starts first in
liver
238
temperature of dead person is best measured by
rectum
239
corpus delicti means
essence of crime
240
minimal age of a person who can give consent for age determination is
12yr
241
conduct money is payable to
a witness in the civil court
242
open verdict in coroners inquest means
judgement made public
243
1st class magistrate can give punishment upto
imprisonment upto 3yrs snd fine upto rs 5000
| can give order for exhumation
244
2nd class magistrate can imprison upto
1 yr and fine upto
| Rs 5000
245
max punishment of chief judicial magistrate
imprisonment upto 7 yrs
246
time limit for cross examination is
no time limit
