Biological Classification🟢 Flashcards
Who gave
First Scientific classification
2 Kingdom classification
5 Kingdom classification
Aristotle (trees, shrubs, herbs)
Linnaeus
R.H. Whittaker
The cyanobacteria are unicellular, colonial or filamentous, freshwater/marine or terrestrial algae. The colonies are generally surrounded by __________
gelatinous sheath
Chemosynthetic Autotrophs play great role in recycling nutrients like ________
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Iron and sulphur
Diseases caused by bacterial pathogens -
Cholera, Plague, Typhoid, Tetanus, citrus canker.
Cell wall of the following is made up of
Monera (Eubacteria)
Fungie
Monera: Peptidoglycan; Non cellulosic (Polysaccharide + amino acid)
Fungie: chitin and polysaccharides
How do Bacteria Reproduce?
By fission (mainly), Produce Spore (in unfavourable conditions) and by sort of sexual reproduction (primitive type of DNA transfer)
What is the smallest living cell known?
Mycoplasma
Can survive without oxygen and lacks cell wall
is pathogenic in plants and animals
as a group, _________ show most extensive metabolic diversity
_________ show great diversity in morphology and habitat
Monera
Fungi
Examples of Chrysophytes and talk about Diatom’s cell wall
ex- Diatoms and Golden algae (desmides)
In diatoms the cell walls form two thin overlapping shells, The walls are embedded with silica and thus, the walls are indestructible.
Example of Dinoflagellates and talk about its cell wall and flagella
Gonyalux, red dinoflagellates which cause red tides, whose toxins can kill small fishes
Cell wall has stiff cellulose plates on the outer surface
Tell Euglenoid’s habitat
Tell about its cell wall
Tell about its Mode of Nutrition
Stagnant fresh water
It doesn’t have a cell wall, instead a flexible protein rich layer called pellicle
Photosynthetic in presence of sunlight and heterotrophic in absence of sunlight
pigments identical to higher plants present
Slime Moulds
Under suitable conditions, form an aggregation called plasmodium which may grow and spread over several feet.
During unfavourable conditions, the plasmodium differentiates and forms fruiting bodies bearing spores at their tips.
Tell somethings about its spores
The spores possess true walls.
They are extremely resistant and survive for many years, even under adverse conditions.
The spores are dispersed by air currents
Explain the four types of Protozoans
Amoeboid Protozoan: Found in Fresh/Sea water or moist soil, move and hunt by pseudopodia
Marine have silica shells on surface ex- Entamoeba (Parasite)
Flagellated Protozoans: Free living or parasitic, have flagella
ex- Trypanosoma (cause sleeping sickness)
Ciliated Protozoans: Aquatic, actively moving because of 1000s of cilia. Gullet (cavity) opens to the outside of the cell surface and cilial movement causes water with food into gullet. Ex - Paramecium
Sporozoans: Include diverse organisms that have an infectious spore like stage in their life cycle.
Ex- Plasmodium (malarial parasite) causes malaria.
Tell basic morphological and other characteristics of Fungie
Fungi are cosmopolitan and occur in air, water, soil and on animals and plants. they prefer to grow in warm and humid places.
fungi are filamentous their bodies consist of long slender thread like structures called hyphae, network of Hyphae is known as mycelium
Which type of mycelium does the following have
Phycomycetes
Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes
Deuteromycetes
aseptate and coenocytic mycelium or branched and septate type mycelium
Except Phycomycetes which have Aseptate or coenocytic mycelium, all the others have branched and septate type of mycelium
What are the types of heterotropism shown by Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes and Deuteromycetes?
meaning what are they? parasitic saprophytic etc
Phycomycetes: Obligate Parasite
Ascomycetes: Saprophytic, Decomposer, Parasitic and Coprophilous (dung)
Deuteromycetes: Saprophytic, Parasitic, large no. are decomposers of litter (help in mineral cycling)
How do the following reproduce?
Phycomycetes
Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes
Deuteromycetes
Phycomycetes:
Asexual by Zoospore (motile), Aplanospore (nonmotile)
Endogenously produced in sporangium
Ascomycetes:
Asexual spore are Conidia, Exogenously Produced on Conidiophores
Sexual spores are ascospores, produced endogenously in sac like asci (present in ascocarps)
Basidiomycetes:
Asexual spore generally not found
vegetative reproduction by fragmentation is common
The sex organs are absent, but plasmogamy is brought about by fusion of two vegetative or somatic cells of different strains or genotypes.
The resultant structure is dikaryotic which ultimately gives rise to basidium.
Karyogamy and meiosis take place in the basidium producing four basidiospores.
The basidiospores are exogenously produced on the basidium.
The basidia are arranged in fruiting bodies called basidiocarps.
Deuteromycetes:
kn/as imperfect fungie because only the asexual or vegetative phases of these fungie are known.
Reproduce only by asexual spore kn/as conidia
Tell the examples of
Phycomycetes
Ascomycetes (sac fungie)
Basidiomycetes (Mushroom, Bracket fungie, puffballs)
Deuteromycetes (Imperfect fungie)
Phycomycetes: Mucor, Rhizopus (bread
mould) and Albugo (on mustard)
Ascomycetes: Yeast, Penicillium, Aspergillus [Niger (Acetic Acid)], Claviceps & Neurospora (used in biochemical and genetic work), Morals and Truffels (edible)
Basidiomycetes: Agaricus (mushroom), Ustilago (smut), Puccinia (wheat rust fungie)
Deuteromycetes: Alternaria, Collentotrichum and Trichoderma (effective biocontrol agent of plant pathogens)
What is the gentic material of different viruses?
Viruses contain either RNA or DNA as genetic material, not both.
Plant Infecting Virus: ssRNA
Animal Infective Virus: ssRNA, dsRNA or dsDNA
Bacteriophage (Bacteria Infecting Virus): usually dsDNA
Give a brief info about Virus
Virus is a nucleoprotein whose genetic material is infectious, its Smaller than Bacteria
Virus is noncellular organism, characterised by having INERT crystalline structure outside the living cell (its obligate parasite for specific host cells)
Protein Coat, Capsid is made of small sub units called capsomers, which protect nucleic acid
Capsomers are arranged in helical or polyhedral geometric forms
Found by Dimitri Ivanowsky as causal organism of Mosaic disease of tobacco
MW Beijerinek named it Virus and called the fluid ‘Contagium Vivum Fluidum’ (infectious living fluid)
What disease does virus causes in animals and plants
Animal: Mumps, small pox, herpes, influenza and AIDS
Plants (symptoms): Mosaic formation, leaf rolling and curling, yellowing and veins clearing, dwarfing and stunted growth
Give a brief about Viroids
Its free RNA and lacks protein coat, Smaller than viruses, Cause potato spindle tuber disease
RNA is of low weight
Give a brief about Prions
abnormally folded protein, similar in size to viruses, transmit infectious neurological diseases
Cause ‘Bovine spongiform Encephalopathy’ (BSE) or Mad Cow Disease
Analogus Variant - ‘CR. Jacob Disease’ (CJD) in Human
What are Lichens? Explain Phycobiont and mycobiont.
Lichens: Symbiotic Association of Algae and Fungi
Phycobiont: Provide food (Autotrphic) = Algae
Mycobiont: Provide shelter and Absorb Minerals (Hetrotrophic) = Fungie
Personal trick:
P for Parent, Provides (Make) food
M for Me, Provide shelter (in this assumed case you are the only source of money in family🫡)
to remember Mycobiont absorb mineral, M for Money and Mineral👍
___________ often blooms in Polluted water bodies
____________ do not grow in polluted areas (Pollution indicator)
Choices - Lichens and Cyanobacteria (BGA)
Cyanobacteria often blooms in Polluted water bodies
Lichens do not grow in polluted areas (Pollution indicator)
