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Biology NEET 2021 > Biological Classification > Flashcards

Biological Classification Flashcards

System of classification,monera,fungi,protozoa,virus and virioid

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1
Q

Who was the first scientist to attempt a more scientific basis of classification for classification

A

Aristotle

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2
Q

What Aristotle used to classify plants and how he divided animals

A

Plants were divided based on simple morphological characters

And animals were divided into two groups ,those which had red blood and that did not

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3
Q

When did two kingdom classification system was used

A

In Linnaeus time

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4
Q

Who and when proposed a five kingdom classification system

A

R h whittaker in 1969

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5
Q

Criteria for classification used by RH whittaker

A

Cell structure, thallus organisation ,mode of nutrition ,reproduction and phylogenetic relationships

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6
Q

Cell wall of Monera is made up of

A

Polysaccharide + amino acid

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7
Q

Body organisation of fungi and plant

A

Multicellular /loose tissue-fungi

Tissue /organ-plantae

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8
Q

Name the four categories under which bacteria are grouped

A

Spherical coccus
rod shaped bacillus
Comma shaped vibrium
Spiral spirillum

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9
Q

Which group shows most extensive metabolic diversity

A

Monera

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10
Q

In which two categories eubacteria is divided

A

Autotrophic and heterotrophic

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11
Q

In which two categories autotrophic bacteria is divided

A

Chemosynthetic And photosynthetic

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12
Q

Photosynthetic autotrophic bacteria are also called? What are there characteristics

A

Cyanobacteria, also called BGA, can be unicellular,multicellur, or filamentous, terrestrial or aquatic

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13
Q

Which bacteria often blooms in polluted water bodies

A

Cyanobacteria

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14
Q

Which cyanobacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen and where

A

Nostoc and Anabaena , in specialised cells called heterocyst

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15
Q

What do chemosynthetic bacteria use to produce ATP

A

They oxidize various inorganic substrates such as nitrates, nitrites and ammonia and use the released energy for ATP production.

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16
Q

Which bacteria play a great role in recycling nutrients like N,A, P and Fe

A

Chem synthetic bacteria

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17
Q

Which bacteria are most abundant

A

Heterotrophic

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18
Q

Majority of hetero trophic bacteria are _______

A

Decomposers

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19
Q

Which bacteria help fix nitrogen in legume roots

A

Heterotrophic bacteria

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20
Q

Tetanus and citrus canker is caused by

A

Bacteria

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21
Q

Normally, how bacteria reproduce?

A

By fission

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22
Q

How bacteria reproduce in unfavourable conditions

A

By formation of spores

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23
Q

Which bacteria completely lack cell wall

A

Mycoplasma

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24
Q

Characters of mycoplasma

A

Smallest living cells, can survive without oxygen

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25
Q

Name five phylums of kingdom protista

A 
Chrysophytes
Dinoflagellates 
Slime mould
Protozoans
Euglenoids
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26
Q

Members of protista are primarily _________(habitat)

A

Aquatic

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27
Q

Protista form links with which other kingdoms

A

Plants, animalia and fungi

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28
Q

Protista reproduce sexually by

A

Cell fusion and zygote formation

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29
Q

Chrysophytes include

A

Diatoms and golden algae(desmids)

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30
Q

What is diatomaceous earth? what is its use?

A

Deposits of cell walls of diatoms, the cell wall of diatom is indestructible due to silica , is arranged as two thin overlapping shells.
Being gritty it is used in polishing, filtration of oils and syrups.

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31
Q

Which organisms are the chief producers of the ocean

A

Diatoms

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32
Q

dinoflagellates are mostly________(location)

A

Marine

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33
Q

Dinoflagellates can have which different colours and why do they have it

A

Red, green, yellow, brown, blue

Due to main pigment present in the cell

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34
Q

Dinoflagellates have ________ on other surface of cell wall

A

Stiff cellulose plates

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35
Q

How many flagella dinoflagellates have and how these are oriented?

A

Two

One lies longitudinally and other transversely in a furrow between cell wall plates

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36
Q

Scientific name of red dinoflagellates which cause red tides.?
Are these red tides harmful

A

Gonyaulax

Yes, the toxins released can kill marine animals

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37
Q

Habitat of euglenoid

A

Most of them are found in fresh water in stagnant water

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38
Q

What is euglenoid’s cell wall made of

A

They lack cell wall, they have protein rich layer called pellicle which makes their body flexible

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39
Q

How many flagella euglenoid have

A

Two, one long other short

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40
Q

What is the mode of nutrition of euglenoid

A

They have pigments identical to those in higher plants.

They are photosynthetic. But without Sunlight they prey on smaller organisms and become heterotrophic

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41
Q

Example of euglenoid

A

Euglena

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42
Q

Which phylum of protists are saprophytic

A

Slime mould

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43
Q

What does slime moulds do?under suitable conditions?

A

Body moves along decaying twings and leaves engulfing organic material.

Forms an aggregation called plasmodium which may grow several feet

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44
Q

What does slime moulds do under unfavourable conditions.

A

Plasmodium differentiates and form fruiting bodies bearing spores at their tips.

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45
Q

What is special about spores of slime moulds

A

They posses true walls.

They are extremely resistant and survive for many years.

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46
Q

Mode of nutrition of protozoans

A

They are heterotrophs

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47
Q

Name major groups of protozoans

A

Amoeboid, flagellated,cilliated and sporozoans

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48
Q

What is special about marine ameboid protozoans

A

They have silica on their surface

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49
Q

Name a parasitic ameboid protozoan

A

Entamoeba

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50
Q

Example of flagellated protozoa

A

Trypanosoma

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51
Q

How many cilia ciliated protozoans have

A

Thousands

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52
Q

What is cavity of ciliated protozoans called that opens to the outside of their cell surface

A

Gullet

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53
Q

Examples of ciliated protozoan

A

Paramoecium

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54
Q

Which organisms are included under sporozoans

A

These organisms have an infectious spore like stage in their life cycle

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55
Q

Which fungus causes bread mould

A

Rhizopus( phycomycetes)

56
Q

Which parasitic fungus cause white spots on mustard

A

Albugo(phycomycetes)

57
Q

Fungus that is source of antibiotics

A

Penicillin(ascomycetes)

58
Q

Unicellular fungi used to make bread and beer

A

Yeast (saccharomyces) - ascomycetes

59
Q

Fungus that cause wheat rust

A

Puccinia- basidiomycetes

60
Q

Fungi are _______(body organisation), name an exeption

A

Filamentous

Yeast is unicellular

61
Q

Cell wall of fungi is made up of

A

Chitin and polysaccharides

62
Q

Body of fungus consists of?

A

Body consists of Long thread like hyphae which may be tube of coenocytic or septate cytoplasm.

63
Q

What is mycelium

A

Network of hyphae

64
Q

Vegetative reproduction in fungi can take place by

A

Fission, fragmentation and budding

65
Q

Asexual reproduction in fungi is done by

A

Spore called conidia /sporangiospores /zoospores

66
Q

Sexual reproduction in fungi is done by

A

Oospores, ascospores and basiodiospores

67
Q

Where are spores produced in fungi

A

In distinct structures called fruiting bodies

68
Q

What are the 3 steps of sexual cycle of fungi

A

Plasmogamy , karyogamy,meiosis

69
Q

How fungus reproduces sexually

A

Two haploid hyphae of compatible mating types come together and fuse.

70
Q

What is dikaryophase?

A

After fusion of hyphae in some fungus, nuclei do not fuse immediately and an n+n stage occurs , this condition is called dikaryon and this phase is called dikaryophase.

71
Q

In which fungi dikaryophase is seen

A

Basidiomycetes and ascomycetes

72
Q

What happens after dikaryophase

A

Parental nuclei fuse to form diploid cell.the fungi form fruiting bodies in which reduction division occurs to form spores.

73
Q

Which three criteria forms the basis of classification of kingdom fungi

A

Morphology of mycelium

Mode of spore formation fruiting bodies

74
Q

Habitat of phycomycetes

A

Aquatic, decaying wood in damp places, or obligate parasites on plants

75
Q

Mycelium of phycomycetes is

A

Aseptate and coenocytic

76
Q

Asexual reproduction in phycomycetes takes place by? Where are these spores produced?

A

Zoospores(motile) or aplanospores(non motile)

These spores are produced endogenously in sporangiun.

77
Q

Which store is formed by sexual reproduction ?

A

Zygospore.

78
Q

What can be relative morphology of gametes that produce zygospore

A

Can be similar in morphology(isogamous)

Dissimilar(anisogamous or oogamous)

79
Q

Examples of phycomycetes

A

Mucor, albugo(parasitic fungi of mustard), rhizopus(the bread mould)

80
Q

Common name of ascomycetes

A

Sac fungi

81
Q

Mode of nutrition of ascomycetes

A

Decomposers, saprophytic, parasitic or coprophilous

82
Q

Coprophilous

A

Growing on dung

83
Q

Mycelium of ascomycetes

A

Branched and septate

84
Q

What are the asexual spore of ascomycetes and how they are produced and where?

A

Conidia
Are produced exogenously
On special mycelium called conidiophores

85
Q

What do conidia produce on germination

A

Mycelium

86
Q

What are sexual spores of ascomycetes called and how are they produced and where

A

Ascospores
Produced endogenously
in sac like a sci(ascus)

87
Q

Where are asci present in ascomycetes

A

Asci are arranged in different types of fruiting bodies called ascocarps

88
Q

Examples of ascomycetes

A

Aspergillus
, neurospora, claviceps,
morels and truffles

89
Q

Which fungus is extensively used in genetic and biochemical work

A

Neurospora

90
Q

Common name of basidiomycetes

A

Puff balls, bracket fungi or mushrooms

91
Q

Fungus that are parasites on living plant bodies are called

A

Rusts and smuts

92
Q

Rusts and smuts are found in which phylum of kingdom fungi

A

Basidiomycetes

93
Q

Asexual spores of basidiomycetes are produced by

A

Are absent

94
Q

As asexual reproduction is absent,Vegetative reproduction by which method is seen in basidiomycetes?

A

Fragmentation

95
Q

What are the sexual spores of basidiomycetes.

A

Basidiospores

96
Q

Where are the basidiospores produced?and how many

A

4( no. Due to meiosis) Basiodiospores are produced exogenously on basidium .

97
Q

How is basidium produced?

A

Sex organs are absent, so plasmogamy is brought about by fusion of somatic cells or different strains/genotype
Dikaryotic structure is produced which give rise to basidium.

98
Q

How basidium produce basidiospore

A

Karyogamg and meiosis in basium produce 4 basidiospores.

99
Q

Where are basidia present

A

Basidia are arranged in fruiting bodies called basidiocarps

100
Q

Ascospore produced exogenously or endogenously in asci?

A

Endogenously

101
Q

Basidiospores are produced endogenously or exogenously in basidium?

A

Exogenously

102
Q

Condia is produced exogenously or endogenously in conidiophore?

A

Exogenously

103
Q

Examples of basidiomycetes

A

Agaricus(mushroom)
Ustilago(smut)
Puccinia(rust)

104
Q

Common name of dueteromycetes

A

Imperfect fungi

105
Q

Why deuteromycetes are called imperfect fungi

A

Because only vegetative or asexual phase is known

106
Q

Asexual spores of dueteromycetes are

A

Conidia

107
Q

Mode of nutrition of most dueteromycetes

A

Large no. Of them are composers of litter

108
Q

Benefit of deuteromycetes

A

Helps in mineral cycling cuz they are decomposers of litter

109
Q

Examples of deuteromycetes

A

Alternaria
Trichoderma
Colletotrichum

110
Q

Example of insectivorous plants

A

Venus flytrap and badderwort

111
Q

Example of parasitic plant

A

Cuscuta

112
Q

Mode of nutrition of animalia

A

Holozoic

113
Q

Cellular organisation of viruses and viroids is

A

Acellular

114
Q

Outside living cell, what is structure of virus

A

Inert crystalline

115
Q

The name virus meaning poisonous fluid or venom was given by

A

Pasteur

116
Q

Who ,when and how recognise the presence of organisms that are smaller than viruses and cause tobacco mosaic disease.

A

DJ Ivanowsky in 1892

They were found to pass through bacteria proof filters

117
Q

Who and when demonstrated that fluid from infected plant cause infection in healthy plant and called that fluid contagium vivum fluidum?

A

MW Beijerinek in 1898

118
Q

Who and when showed viruses could be crystallized and what he said about that crystal

A

W M Stanley in 1932

Crystal was made up of mainly proteins

119
Q

Can a virus contain both RNA and DNA

A

No

120
Q

As a virus is nucleoprotein which part is infectious?

A

Nucleic acid/genetic material is infecfious

121
Q

Viruses that infect plants generally have

A

Single stranded RNA

122
Q

Viruses that infect animals have

A

Either single or double stranded RNA or DsDNA

123
Q

Viruses that infect bacteria(bacteriphages) have

A

Double stranded DNA

124
Q

Protein coat of viruses is called?and what are it’s units called?

A

Capsid,capsomeres

125
Q

The capsomeres are arranged in which shapes

A

Helical or polyhedral forms

126
Q

Mumps and herpes are caused by

A

Viruses

127
Q

Who and when discovered a new infectious agent smaller than viruses and what are they called

A

T O Diener in 1971.

Viroids

128
Q

Potato spindle tuber disease is caused by

A

Viroids

129
Q

How is molecular weight of viroid compared to virus

A

Low molecular weight

130
Q

Structure of viroid

A

Free RNA

131
Q

What does fungi provide to algae in lichen

A

Shelter

Absorb mineral nutrients and water

132
Q

What does algae provide in lichen

A

Food

133
Q

What are prions

A

Neurological disease infectious agent consisting of abnormally flooded proteins.

134
Q

What is the size of prions relative to viruses

A

Similar

135
Q

Most notable disease caused by prion in cattle is

A

BSE bovine spongiform encephalopathy

Mad cow 🐄 disease

136
Q

Prion disease in human

A

Cr Jacob disease(CJD)

Biology NEET 2021 (10 decks)

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