Biological Classification Flashcards
System of classification,monera,fungi,protozoa,virus and virioid
Who was the first scientist to attempt a more scientific basis of classification for classification
Aristotle
What Aristotle used to classify plants and how he divided animals
Plants were divided based on simple morphological characters
And animals were divided into two groups ,those which had red blood and that did not
When did two kingdom classification system was used
In Linnaeus time
Who and when proposed a five kingdom classification system
R h whittaker in 1969
Criteria for classification used by RH whittaker
Cell structure, thallus organisation ,mode of nutrition ,reproduction and phylogenetic relationships
Cell wall of Monera is made up of
Polysaccharide + amino acid
Body organisation of fungi and plant
Multicellular /loose tissue-fungi
Tissue /organ-plantae
Name the four categories under which bacteria are grouped
Spherical coccus
rod shaped bacillus
Comma shaped vibrium
Spiral spirillum
Which group shows most extensive metabolic diversity
Monera
In which two categories eubacteria is divided
Autotrophic and heterotrophic
In which two categories autotrophic bacteria is divided
Chemosynthetic And photosynthetic
Photosynthetic autotrophic bacteria are also called? What are there characteristics
Cyanobacteria, also called BGA, can be unicellular,multicellur, or filamentous, terrestrial or aquatic
Which bacteria often blooms in polluted water bodies
Cyanobacteria
Which cyanobacteria can fix atmospheric nitrogen and where
Nostoc and Anabaena , in specialised cells called heterocyst
What do chemosynthetic bacteria use to produce ATP
They oxidize various inorganic substrates such as nitrates, nitrites and ammonia and use the released energy for ATP production.
Which bacteria play a great role in recycling nutrients like N,A, P and Fe
Chem synthetic bacteria
Which bacteria are most abundant
Heterotrophic
Majority of hetero trophic bacteria are _______
Decomposers
Which bacteria help fix nitrogen in legume roots
Heterotrophic bacteria
Tetanus and citrus canker is caused by
Bacteria
Normally, how bacteria reproduce?
By fission
How bacteria reproduce in unfavourable conditions
By formation of spores
Which bacteria completely lack cell wall
Mycoplasma
Characters of mycoplasma
Smallest living cells, can survive without oxygen
Name five phylums of kingdom protista
Chrysophytes Dinoflagellates Slime mould Protozoans Euglenoids
Members of protista are primarily _________(habitat)
Aquatic
Protista form links with which other kingdoms
Plants, animalia and fungi
Protista reproduce sexually by
Cell fusion and zygote formation
Chrysophytes include
Diatoms and golden algae(desmids)
What is diatomaceous earth? what is its use?
Deposits of cell walls of diatoms, the cell wall of diatom is indestructible due to silica , is arranged as two thin overlapping shells.
Being gritty it is used in polishing, filtration of oils and syrups.
Which organisms are the chief producers of the ocean
Diatoms
dinoflagellates are mostly________(location)
Marine
Dinoflagellates can have which different colours and why do they have it
Red, green, yellow, brown, blue
Due to main pigment present in the cell
Dinoflagellates have ________ on other surface of cell wall
Stiff cellulose plates
How many flagella dinoflagellates have and how these are oriented?
Two
One lies longitudinally and other transversely in a furrow between cell wall plates
Scientific name of red dinoflagellates which cause red tides.?
Are these red tides harmful
Gonyaulax
Yes, the toxins released can kill marine animals
Habitat of euglenoid
Most of them are found in fresh water in stagnant water
What is euglenoid’s cell wall made of
They lack cell wall, they have protein rich layer called pellicle which makes their body flexible
How many flagella euglenoid have
Two, one long other short
What is the mode of nutrition of euglenoid
They have pigments identical to those in higher plants.
They are photosynthetic. But without Sunlight they prey on smaller organisms and become heterotrophic
Example of euglenoid
Euglena
Which phylum of protists are saprophytic
Slime mould
What does slime moulds do?under suitable conditions?
Body moves along decaying twings and leaves engulfing organic material.
Forms an aggregation called plasmodium which may grow several feet
What does slime moulds do under unfavourable conditions.
Plasmodium differentiates and form fruiting bodies bearing spores at their tips.
What is special about spores of slime moulds
They posses true walls.
They are extremely resistant and survive for many years.
Mode of nutrition of protozoans
They are heterotrophs
Name major groups of protozoans
Amoeboid, flagellated,cilliated and sporozoans
What is special about marine ameboid protozoans
They have silica on their surface
Name a parasitic ameboid protozoan
Entamoeba
Example of flagellated protozoa
Trypanosoma
How many cilia ciliated protozoans have
Thousands
What is cavity of ciliated protozoans called that opens to the outside of their cell surface
Gullet
Examples of ciliated protozoan
Paramoecium
Which organisms are included under sporozoans
These organisms have an infectious spore like stage in their life cycle
Which fungus causes bread mould
Rhizopus( phycomycetes)
Which parasitic fungus cause white spots on mustard
Albugo(phycomycetes)
Fungus that is source of antibiotics
Penicillin(ascomycetes)
Unicellular fungi used to make bread and beer
Yeast (saccharomyces) - ascomycetes
Fungus that cause wheat rust
Puccinia- basidiomycetes
Fungi are _______(body organisation), name an exeption
Filamentous
Yeast is unicellular
Cell wall of fungi is made up of
Chitin and polysaccharides
Body of fungus consists of?
Body consists of Long thread like hyphae which may be tube of coenocytic or septate cytoplasm.
What is mycelium
Network of hyphae
Vegetative reproduction in fungi can take place by
Fission, fragmentation and budding
Asexual reproduction in fungi is done by
Spore called conidia /sporangiospores /zoospores
Sexual reproduction in fungi is done by
Oospores, ascospores and basiodiospores
Where are spores produced in fungi
In distinct structures called fruiting bodies
What are the 3 steps of sexual cycle of fungi
Plasmogamy , karyogamy,meiosis
How fungus reproduces sexually
Two haploid hyphae of compatible mating types come together and fuse.
What is dikaryophase?
After fusion of hyphae in some fungus, nuclei do not fuse immediately and an n+n stage occurs , this condition is called dikaryon and this phase is called dikaryophase.
In which fungi dikaryophase is seen
Basidiomycetes and ascomycetes
What happens after dikaryophase
Parental nuclei fuse to form diploid cell.the fungi form fruiting bodies in which reduction division occurs to form spores.
Which three criteria forms the basis of classification of kingdom fungi
Morphology of mycelium
Mode of spore formation fruiting bodies
Habitat of phycomycetes
Aquatic, decaying wood in damp places, or obligate parasites on plants
Mycelium of phycomycetes is
Aseptate and coenocytic
Asexual reproduction in phycomycetes takes place by? Where are these spores produced?
Zoospores(motile) or aplanospores(non motile)
These spores are produced endogenously in sporangiun.
Which store is formed by sexual reproduction ?
Zygospore.
What can be relative morphology of gametes that produce zygospore
Can be similar in morphology(isogamous)
Dissimilar(anisogamous or oogamous)
Examples of phycomycetes
Mucor, albugo(parasitic fungi of mustard), rhizopus(the bread mould)
Common name of ascomycetes
Sac fungi
Mode of nutrition of ascomycetes
Decomposers, saprophytic, parasitic or coprophilous
Coprophilous
Growing on dung
Mycelium of ascomycetes
Branched and septate
What are the asexual spore of ascomycetes and how they are produced and where?
Conidia
Are produced exogenously
On special mycelium called conidiophores
What do conidia produce on germination
Mycelium
What are sexual spores of ascomycetes called and how are they produced and where
Ascospores
Produced endogenously
in sac like a sci(ascus)
Where are asci present in ascomycetes
Asci are arranged in different types of fruiting bodies called ascocarps
Examples of ascomycetes
Aspergillus
, neurospora, claviceps,
morels and truffles
Which fungus is extensively used in genetic and biochemical work
Neurospora
Common name of basidiomycetes
Puff balls, bracket fungi or mushrooms
Fungus that are parasites on living plant bodies are called
Rusts and smuts
Rusts and smuts are found in which phylum of kingdom fungi
Basidiomycetes
Asexual spores of basidiomycetes are produced by
Are absent
As asexual reproduction is absent,Vegetative reproduction by which method is seen in basidiomycetes?
Fragmentation
What are the sexual spores of basidiomycetes.
Basidiospores
Where are the basidiospores produced?and how many
4( no. Due to meiosis) Basiodiospores are produced exogenously on basidium .
How is basidium produced?
Sex organs are absent, so plasmogamy is brought about by fusion of somatic cells or different strains/genotype
Dikaryotic structure is produced which give rise to basidium.
How basidium produce basidiospore
Karyogamg and meiosis in basium produce 4 basidiospores.
Where are basidia present
Basidia are arranged in fruiting bodies called basidiocarps
Ascospore produced exogenously or endogenously in asci?
Endogenously
Basidiospores are produced endogenously or exogenously in basidium?
Exogenously
Condia is produced exogenously or endogenously in conidiophore?
Exogenously
Examples of basidiomycetes
Agaricus(mushroom)
Ustilago(smut)
Puccinia(rust)
Common name of dueteromycetes
Imperfect fungi
Why deuteromycetes are called imperfect fungi
Because only vegetative or asexual phase is known
Asexual spores of dueteromycetes are
Conidia
Mode of nutrition of most dueteromycetes
Large no. Of them are composers of litter
Benefit of deuteromycetes
Helps in mineral cycling cuz they are decomposers of litter
Examples of deuteromycetes
Alternaria
Trichoderma
Colletotrichum
Example of insectivorous plants
Venus flytrap and badderwort
Example of parasitic plant
Cuscuta
Mode of nutrition of animalia
Holozoic
Cellular organisation of viruses and viroids is
Acellular
Outside living cell, what is structure of virus
Inert crystalline
The name virus meaning poisonous fluid or venom was given by
Pasteur
Who ,when and how recognise the presence of organisms that are smaller than viruses and cause tobacco mosaic disease.
DJ Ivanowsky in 1892
They were found to pass through bacteria proof filters
Who and when demonstrated that fluid from infected plant cause infection in healthy plant and called that fluid contagium vivum fluidum?
MW Beijerinek in 1898
Who and when showed viruses could be crystallized and what he said about that crystal
W M Stanley in 1932
Crystal was made up of mainly proteins
Can a virus contain both RNA and DNA
No
As a virus is nucleoprotein which part is infectious?
Nucleic acid/genetic material is infecfious
Viruses that infect plants generally have
Single stranded RNA
Viruses that infect animals have
Either single or double stranded RNA or DsDNA
Viruses that infect bacteria(bacteriphages) have
Double stranded DNA
Protein coat of viruses is called?and what are it’s units called?
Capsid,capsomeres
The capsomeres are arranged in which shapes
Helical or polyhedral forms
Mumps and herpes are caused by
Viruses
Who and when discovered a new infectious agent smaller than viruses and what are they called
T O Diener in 1971.
Viroids
Potato spindle tuber disease is caused by
Viroids
How is molecular weight of viroid compared to virus
Low molecular weight
Structure of viroid
Free RNA
What does fungi provide to algae in lichen
Shelter
Absorb mineral nutrients and water
What does algae provide in lichen
Food
What are prions
Neurological disease infectious agent consisting of abnormally flooded proteins.
What is the size of prions relative to viruses
Similar
Most notable disease caused by prion in cattle is
BSE bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Mad cow 🐄 disease
Prion disease in human
Cr Jacob disease(CJD)
