Biological Change

Question 1

What theory replaced the idea of spontaneous generation and says that only living organisms can produce other living organisms?

Answer 1

Theory of Biogenesis

Question 2

What hypothesis suggested that life began in an ocean of chemicals?

Answer 2

Primordial Soup Hypothesis

Question 3

Who showed that organic molecules could be made from inorganic molecules?

Answer 3

Stanley Miller and Harold Urey (1953)

Question 4

What is the idea of Cellular Evolution?

Answer 4

• Prokaryotes developed first
• Photosynthesizing Prokaryotes next
• Eukaryotes last

Question 5

What does the Endosymbiotic Theory deal with?

Answer 5

How eukaryotic cells formed

Question 6

Who had the idea that the Earth is shaped by geological forces that took place over extremely long periods of time?

Answer 6

James Hutton (1785) and Charles Lyell (1833)

Question 7

Who predicted that the human population will grow faster than the space and food supplies needed to sustain it?

Answer 7

Thomas Malthus (1798)

Question 8

Who proposed that by selective use or disuse of organs, organisms acquired or lost certain traits during their lifetime?

Answer 8

Jean-Baptiste Lamark (1809)

Question 9

Who co-discovered natural selection?

Answer 9

Alfred Wallace (1858)

Question 10

What is artificial selection?

Answer 10

Nature provides variation among different organisms, and humans select those variations that are found useful (also known as Selective Breeding)

Question 11

What is an organisms ability to survive and reproduce in its specific environment?

Answer 11

Fitness

Question 12

What is fitness measured by?

Answer 12

Reproductive Success

Question 13

What is an adaptation?

Answer 13

Any inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival.

Question 14

What is the ability to blend in with surroundings known as?

Answer 14

Camouflage

Question 15

What is it known as when one species imitates another?

Answer 15

Mimicry

Question 16

What is Natural Selection?

Answer 16

Individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully.

Question 17

What is Natural Selection also known as?

Answer 17

Survival of the Fittest

Question 18

What is Descent with Modification?

Answer 18

Each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time.

Question 19

What is Common Descent?

Answer 19

All organisms are related to each other and that all living things have a common ancestor.

Question 20

What chart shows evolutionary relationships?

Answer 20

Phylogenies

Question 21

What is the idea that life arises from non-life?

Answer 21

Spontaneous Generation

Question 22

What are Darwin’s 5 pieces of evidence for Evolution?

Answer 22

1. The Fossil Record
2. Geographic Distributions of Living Species
3. Homologous Body Structures
4. Similarities in Early Development
5. Comparative Biochemistry

Question 23

What is Evolution?

Answer 23

Cumulative changes in groups of organisms through time.

Question 24

What is the Gene Pool?

Answer 24

Combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population.

Question 25

What is the number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool?

Answer 25

Allelic Frequency

Question 26

What is a change in DNA sequence?

Answer 26

Mutation

Question 27

What occurs during the process of gametes?

Answer 27

Gene Shuffling

Question 28

What are single-gene traits?

Answer 28

Traits controlled by a gene that had two alleles.

Question 29

What are polygenic traits?

Answer 29

Traits controlled by two or more genes.

Question 30

What is it called when selection favors one extreme over the other?

Answer 30

Directional Selection

Question 31

What is it called when selection favors the intermediate trait over the extreme traits?

Answer 31

Stabilizing Selection

Question 32

What is it called when selection favors both extreme traits over the intermediate trait?

Answer 32

Disruptive Selection

Question 33

What is Speciation?

Answer 33

The formation of a new species

Question 34

What are the three types of isolation?

Answer 34

* Behavioral * Geographic * Temporal

Question 35

What is allopathic speciation?

Answer 35

Physical barrier divides a population into two or more populations.

Question 36

What is sympatric speciation?

Answer 36

Something besides a physical barrier divides a population into two or more different populations. (Behavioral or Temporal)

Question 37

What is gradualism?

Answer 37

Evolution occurs in small, gradual steps.

Question 38

What is punctuated equilibrium?

Answer 38

Rapid spurts of genetic change cause species to diverge quickly.

Question 39

What is Catastrophism?

Answer 39

Mass extinctions are caused by hugely destructive events.

Question 40

What are vestigial organs?

Answer 40

Organs that serve no useful function.

Question 41

What are homologous body structures?

Answer 41

Structures with different functions developed from the same embryonic tissue

Question 42

What is behavioral isolation?

Answer 42

Two populations capable of interbreeding, but they have different behaviors.

Question 43

What is geographic isolation?

Answer 43

Two populations separated by geographic barriers

Question 44

What is temporal isolation?

Answer 44

Populations reproduce at different times