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Ultimate Biology Review > Biological Change > Flashcards

Biological Change Flashcards

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1
Q

What theory replaced the idea of spontaneous generation and says that only living organisms can produce other living organisms?

A

Theory of Biogenesis

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2
Q

What hypothesis suggested that life began in an ocean of chemicals?

A

Primordial Soup Hypothesis

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3
Q

Who showed that organic molecules could be made from inorganic molecules?

A

Stanley Miller and Harold Urey (1953)

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4
Q

What is the idea of Cellular Evolution?

A
  • Prokaryotes developed first
  • Photosynthesizing Prokaryotes next
  • Eukaryotes last
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5
Q

What does the Endosymbiotic Theory deal with?

A

How eukaryotic cells formed

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6
Q

Who had the idea that the Earth is shaped by geological forces that took place over extremely long periods of time?

A

James Hutton (1785) and Charles Lyell (1833)

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7
Q

Who predicted that the human population will grow faster than the space and food supplies needed to sustain it?

A

Thomas Malthus (1798)

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8
Q

Who proposed that by selective use or disuse of organs, organisms acquired or lost certain traits during their lifetime?

A

Jean-Baptiste Lamark (1809)

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9
Q

Who co-discovered natural selection?

A

Alfred Wallace (1858)

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10
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

Nature provides variation among different organisms, and humans select those variations that are found useful (also known as Selective Breeding)

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11
Q

What is an organisms ability to survive and reproduce in its specific environment?

A

Fitness

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12
Q

What is fitness measured by?

A

Reproductive Success

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13
Q

What is an adaptation?

A

Any inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival.

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14
Q

What is the ability to blend in with surroundings known as?

A

Camouflage

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15
Q

What is it known as when one species imitates another?

A

Mimicry

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16
Q

What is Natural Selection?

A

Individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully.

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17
Q

What is Natural Selection also known as?

A

Survival of the Fittest

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18
Q

What is Descent with Modification?

A

Each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time.

19
Q

What is Common Descent?

A

All organisms are related to each other and that all living things have a common ancestor.

20
Q

What chart shows evolutionary relationships?

A

Phylogenies

21
Q

What is the idea that life arises from non-life?

A

Spontaneous Generation

22
Q

What are Darwin’s 5 pieces of evidence for Evolution?

A
  1. The Fossil Record
  2. Geographic Distributions of Living Species
  3. Homologous Body Structures
  4. Similarities in Early Development
  5. Comparative Biochemistry
23
Q

What is Evolution?

A

Cumulative changes in groups of organisms through time.

24
Q

What is the Gene Pool?

A

Combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population.

25
Q

What is the number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool?

A

Allelic Frequency

26
Q

What is a change in DNA sequence?

A

Mutation

27
Q

What occurs during the process of gametes?

A

Gene Shuffling

28
Q

What are single-gene traits?

A

Traits controlled by a gene that had two alleles.

29
Q

What are polygenic traits?

A

Traits controlled by two or more genes.

30
Q

What is it called when selection favors one extreme over the other?

A

Directional Selection

31
Q

What is it called when selection favors the intermediate trait over the extreme traits?

A

Stabilizing Selection

32
Q

What is it called when selection favors both extreme traits over the intermediate trait?

A

Disruptive Selection

33
Q

What is Speciation?

A

The formation of a new species

34
Q

What are the three types of isolation?

A
  • Behavioral
  • Geographic
  • Temporal
35
Q

What is allopathic speciation?

A

Physical barrier divides a population into two or more populations.

36
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

Something besides a physical barrier divides a population into two or more different populations. (Behavioral or Temporal)

37
Q

What is gradualism?

A

Evolution occurs in small, gradual steps.

38
Q

What is punctuated equilibrium?

A

Rapid spurts of genetic change cause species to diverge quickly.

39
Q

What is Catastrophism?

A

Mass extinctions are caused by hugely destructive events.

40
Q

What are vestigial organs?

A

Organs that serve no useful function.

41
Q

What are homologous body structures?

A

Structures with different functions developed from the same embryonic tissue

42
Q

What is behavioral isolation?

A

Two populations capable of interbreeding, but they have different behaviors.

43
Q

What is geographic isolation?

A

Two populations separated by geographic barriers

44
Q

What is temporal isolation?

A

Populations reproduce at different times

Ultimate Biology Review (8 decks)

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