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nursing 101 - exam #2 > Biological Beginnings > Flashcards

Biological Beginnings Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the fertilized egg called?

A

Zygote

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2
Q

What genes determine a female zygote?

A

XX

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3
Q

What genes determine a male zygote?

A

XY

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4
Q

What are the first 14 days from conception called?

A

preembryonic development

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5
Q

What begins as the zygote moves through the fallopian tube toward the uterus?

A

cellular multiplication

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6
Q

How many days does cellular multiplication take?

A

3 days

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7
Q

What is the rapid mitotic division called that the zygote makes in the fallopian tubes?

A

cleavage

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8
Q

What are the cells called that develop during cleavage?

A

blastomeres

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9
Q

The blastomeres eventually form a solid ball of how many cells? what is this ball of cells now called?

A

12-16 cells

morula

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10
Q

As the morula enters the uterus the intracellular fluid increases and a central cavity forms within the cell mass. Inside this cavity is an inner solid mass of cells..what are these cells called?

A

blastocyst

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11
Q

What is the out layer of cells that surround the cavity in the morula called?

A

trophoblast

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12
Q

Where does the trophoblast attach itself for nourishment?

A

to the surface of the endometrium (inner layer of uterus)

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13
Q

Where is the most frequent site of attachment?

A

upper part of the posterior uterine wall

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14
Q

How many days after fertilization does it take before the blastocyst implants itself into uterine lining?

A

7-10 days

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15
Q

The lining of the uterus thickens below the implanted blastocyst, and the cells of the trophoblast grow down into the thickened lining, forming what processes?

A

chorionic villi

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16
Q

After implementation what is the endometrium called?

A

decidua

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17
Q

What is the portion of the decidua called that covers the blastocyst?

A

decidua capsularis

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18
Q

What is the portion of the decidua called that is directly under the implanted blastocyst?

A

decidua basalis

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19
Q

What is the portion of the decidua called that lines the rest of the uterine cavity?

A

decidua vera

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20
Q

What forms the fetal portion of the placenta?

A

chorionic villi that is in contact with the desidua basalis

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21
Q

What part of the desidua is the maternal part?

A

decidua basalis

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22
Q

What happens in the 10-14th day after conception?

A

blastocyst divides into 3 germ layers

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23
Q

What are the 3 germ layers called?

A
  1. ectoderm
  2. mesoderm
  3. endoderm
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24
Q

What will develop from these primary germ layers?

A

all tissues, organs and organ systems

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25
Q

What is ectoderm?

A

outer layer of cells in an embryo

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26
Q

What is the mesoderm? and what does it do?

A

germ layer between the ectoderm and endoderm

produces all connective tissue, muscular, skeletal, circulatory, lymphatic and urogenital systems and linings of the body cavities

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27
Q

What is the endoderm? and what does it do?

A

the innermost germ layer

produces epithelium of digestive tract and its associated glands, respiratory organs, bladder, vagina and urethra

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28
Q

At the same time as the germ layer is developing the embryonic membranes form what?

A
  1. chorion (first membrane)
  2. chorionic villi
  3. amnion (second membrane)
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29
Q

What does the chorion enclose?

A

the amnion, embryo and yolk sac

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30
Q

Where does the amnion membrane originate from?

A

the ectoderm

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31
Q

What is the function of the amnion?

A

protects baby from bouncing
temperature regulator
expands until it comes in contact with chorion

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32
Q

What does the amnion contain?

A

amniotic fluid

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33
Q

How many mls of fluid at 10 weeks vs. at birth?

A

10 weeks - 30mls fluid

birth - 1000mls fluid

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34
Q

What is the purpose of the yolk sac? how long does it last and where does it eventually go? what takes its place?

A

forms primitive red blood cells

lasts about 6 weeks then absorbed into cord

spleen takes its place once it is up and running

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35
Q

What is formed from the amnion and attaches the embryo to they yolk sac?

A

umbilical cord

36
Q

What is the umbilical cord made from?

A

one large vein, oxygenated blood

two small arteries - deoxygenated blood

37
Q

What is the cord covered by? and what is it made of and what is its purpose?

A

Wharton’s jelly

made of a fatty substance that covers vein and artery to protect from infection and prevents baby from cutting of circulation

38
Q

What is the average length of the umbilical cord?

A

22 inches (55cm)

39
Q

What is the purpose of the placenta?

A

exchange of oxygen and wast from baby

40
Q

Where is the placenta formed?

A

deciduas basalis

41
Q

By the 4th month the placenta has developed into 2 compartments. Described them.

A
  1. the fetal portion formed by chorion

2. maternal portion formed by the deciduas basalis

42
Q

What is the placenta anchored by?

A

villi

43
Q

There are 15-20 lobes that form part of the placenta. What are they called?

A

Cotyledons

44
Q

When the baby is delivered the doctor checks for cotyledons present. If one is left what has happened and what procedure is required to remove it?

A

attached to uterine wall

D&C required

45
Q

Name the 3 stages of prenatal development

A
  1. germinal period
  2. embryonic period
  3. fetal stage
46
Q

When does the germinal period happen?

A

fertilization to 2 weeks

47
Q

When happens during the embryonic period?

A

all major organs and body systems develop

heart starts to beat

fetus is sensitive to moms bad habits at this stage

48
Q

How long is the fetal stage? and what happens?

A

12 weeks to birth

finishing touches
everything needs to grow

49
Q

When is someone considered infertile?

A

inability to conceive a child after 12 months of sex without protection

50
Q

What does an increase in temperature mean?

A

ovulation is occuring

51
Q

When you are ovulating how many times should you have sex?

A

once every 3 days and only once

52
Q

During the infertility process what does a woman have to do?

A

she is put on pills and injections to increase ovulation. She becomes very hormonal.

53
Q

Describe IFV - invetro

A

egg and sperm are fertilized in a lab dish and then transferred into the womans uterus.

In order obtain an egg they will need to removed 8-10 eggs from the ovaries - very painful.

54
Q

Describe GIFT - gamete intrafallopion transfer

A

sperm and egg inserted into the womans fallopian tube

55
Q

Describe ZIFT - zygote intrafallopian transfer

A

egg and sperm are fertilized in a lab dish and transferred into womans fallopian tubes at much earlier stage of cell division

56
Q

Describe IUI - intrauterine insemination

A

sperm is directly inserted in uterus

57
Q

Describe ICSI - intracytoplasmic sperm injection

A

single sperm is injected into an egg in a lab dish then implanted into the uterus

58
Q

What is the success rate of any of the infertilization processes?

A

25-30%

59
Q

What is the abnormality when a baby can’t metabolize proteins from moms milk.

A

Pheynlketonuia (PKU)

60
Q

If PKU is not caught within 6 months what will happen?

A

The baby will become brain damaged.

61
Q

What is the genetic disorder caused by an extra chromosome? (47 rather than 46)

A

Downs Syndrome

62
Q

What are the chances of developing an extra chromosome during pregnancy at the following ages:
20 yrs
35 yrs
45 yrs

A

1 in 2000
1 in 300
1 in 30

63
Q

What is the disease called where the blood cells are hook shaped and normally occur in black people?

A

sickle cell anemia

64
Q

What is the disease that happens which is mainly in males? There is an extra chromosome and the affects are under developed testis, have breasts and are tall…

A

Klinefelter Syndrome

65
Q

What disease happens in girls where they are missing an x chromosome? They will typically have short webbing on neck and have mental retardation.

A

Turner syndrome

66
Q

What is the disease in males that can exhibit possible signs of aggression?

A

XYY syndrome

67
Q

What is the test done where fluid is drawn from mom’s tummy and can determine chromosomal diseases or metabolic disorders? There is a slight risk of miscarrying after the test.

A

Amniocentisis

68
Q

What test routinely happens around 17 weeks to check on development of baby?

A

ultrasound sonography

69
Q

What test happens to determine how well the placenta is functioning?

A

chorionic villi test

70
Q

What test often develops a false positive?

A

alpha feta protein (AFP) - maternal blood test

71
Q

What is any agent that causes a birth defect in the first trimester? and give an example of one.

A

teratogen

alcohol, drugs, etc.

72
Q

What does the acronym TORCH stand for?

A 
Toxoplasmosis - cat litter
Other infections (syphylis, HIV)
Rubella (immigrants at risk)
Cytomegalovirus (herpes virus family)
Herpes (simplex or genital, deadly to baby)
73
Q

What syndrome would be apparent if a baby was born with facial deformities, defective limites, flat faced and closed eyes?

A

fetal alcohol syndrome

74
Q

What affect would smoking during pregnancy have on the baby?

A
  1. kills portions of placenta
  2. starves baby of oxygen & nutrition
  3. babies have respiritory or SIDS symptoms
75
Q

What affects can smoking marijuana have on the baby?

A
  1. can cause tremours in babies and startled reflex

2. hard time with short term memories

76
Q

What happens to babies born if the have been subjected to heroin?

A

they are born with a physical addiction, babies go through withdrawal

77
Q

What can happen to a baby who has been exposed to cocaine?

A

low birth weight and born with a deformed GI tract

78
Q

What would happen to a baby exposed to radiation?

A

brain damage

79
Q

Why should a pregnant woman not go in hot tubs or saunas while pregnant?

A

this would bring up the amniotic temperature to high

80
Q

What does dizygotic refer to? and what does it mean?

A

fraternal twins

two seperate ovum fertilized by two sperm, two placentas, two chorions and two amnions

81
Q

What does monozygotic refer to? and what does it mean?

A

single fertilized ovum

same sex, same gene type (appearance), two seperate amnion sacs, one chorion and one placenta

82
Q

When does division occur in fraternal twins?

A

within 3 days

83
Q

When does division occur in identical twins?

A

day 5

84
Q

When happens when division occurs at 7 to 13 days?

A

the 2 embryos share an amnion sac and same chorion. This can result in twins being attached.

85
Q

What is the Human Genome Project?

A

this project has made remarkable advances toward determining the exact DNA sequence of human genes and the precise genes that are associated with certain abnormalaties

nursing 101 - exam #2 (7 decks)

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