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Nursing 101 - Exam #2 > Biological Beginnings > Flashcards

Biological Beginnings Flashcards

1
Q

What is the fertilized egg called?

A

Zygote

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2
Q

What genes determine a female zygote?

A

XX

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3
Q

What genes determine a male zygote?

A

XY

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4
Q

What are the first 14 days from conception called?

A

preembryonic development

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5
Q

What begins as the zygote moves through the fallopian tube toward the uterus?

A

cellular multiplication

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6
Q

How many days does cellular multiplication take?

A

3 days

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7
Q

What is the rapid mitotic division called that the zygote makes in the fallopian tubes?

A

cleavage

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8
Q

What are the cells called that develop during cleavage?

A

blastomeres

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9
Q

The blastomeres eventually form a solid ball of how many cells? what is this ball of cells now called?

A

12-16 cells

morula

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10
Q

As the morula enters the uterus the intracellular fluid increases and a central cavity forms within the cell mass. Inside this cavity is an inner solid mass of cells..what are these cells called?

A

blastocyst

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11
Q

What is the out layer of cells that surround the cavity in the morula called?

A

trophoblast

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12
Q

Where does the trophoblast attach itself for nourishment?

A

to the surface of the endometrium (inner layer of uterus)

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13
Q

Where is the most frequent site of attachment?

A

upper part of the posterior uterine wall

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14
Q

How many days after fertilization does it take before the blastocyst implants itself into uterine lining?

A

7-10 days

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15
Q

The lining of the uterus thickens below the implanted blastocyst, and the cells of the trophoblast grow down into the thickened lining, forming what processes?

A

chorionic villi

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16
Q

After implementation what is the endometrium called?

A

decidua

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17
Q

What is the portion of the decidua called that covers the blastocyst?

A

decidua capsularis

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18
Q

What is the portion of the decidua called that is directly under the implanted blastocyst?

A

decidua basalis

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19
Q

What is the portion of the decidua called that lines the rest of the uterine cavity?

A

decidua vera

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20
Q

What forms the fetal portion of the placenta?

A

chorionic villi that is in contact with the desidua basalis

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21
Q

What part of the desidua is the maternal part?

A

decidua basalis

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22
Q

What happens in the 10-14th day after conception?

A

blastocyst divides into 3 germ layers

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23
Q

What are the 3 germ layers called?

A
  1. ectoderm
  2. mesoderm
  3. endoderm
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24
Q

What will develop from these primary germ layers?

A

all tissues, organs and organ systems

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25
What is ectoderm?
outer layer of cells in an embryo
26
What is the mesoderm? and what does it do?
germ layer between the ectoderm and endoderm produces all connective tissue, muscular, skeletal, circulatory, lymphatic and urogenital systems and linings of the body cavities
27
What is the endoderm? and what does it do?
the innermost germ layer produces epithelium of digestive tract and its associated glands, respiratory organs, bladder, vagina and urethra
28
At the same time as the germ layer is developing the embryonic membranes form what?
1. chorion (first membrane) 2. chorionic villi 3. amnion (second membrane)
29
What does the chorion enclose?
the amnion, embryo and yolk sac
30
Where does the amnion membrane originate from?
the ectoderm
31
What is the function of the amnion?
protects baby from bouncing temperature regulator expands until it comes in contact with chorion
32
What does the amnion contain?
amniotic fluid
33
How many mls of fluid at 10 weeks vs. at birth?
10 weeks - 30mls fluid | birth - 1000mls fluid
34
What is the purpose of the yolk sac? how long does it last and where does it eventually go? what takes its place?
forms primitive red blood cells lasts about 6 weeks then absorbed into cord spleen takes its place once it is up and running
35
What is formed from the amnion and attaches the embryo to they yolk sac?
umbilical cord
36
What is the umbilical cord made from?
one large vein, oxygenated blood two small arteries - deoxygenated blood
37
What is the cord covered by? and what is it made of and what is its purpose?
Wharton's jelly made of a fatty substance that covers vein and artery to protect from infection and prevents baby from cutting of circulation
38
What is the average length of the umbilical cord?
22 inches (55cm)
39
What is the purpose of the placenta?
exchange of oxygen and wast from baby
40
Where is the placenta formed?
deciduas basalis
41
By the 4th month the placenta has developed into 2 compartments. Described them.
1. the fetal portion formed by chorion | 2. maternal portion formed by the deciduas basalis
42
What is the placenta anchored by?
villi
43
There are 15-20 lobes that form part of the placenta. What are they called?
Cotyledons
44
When the baby is delivered the doctor checks for cotyledons present. If one is left what has happened and what procedure is required to remove it?
attached to uterine wall D&C required
45
Name the 3 stages of prenatal development
1. germinal period 2. embryonic period 3. fetal stage
46
When does the germinal period happen?
fertilization to 2 weeks
47
When happens during the embryonic period?
all major organs and body systems develop heart starts to beat fetus is sensitive to moms bad habits at this stage
48
How long is the fetal stage? and what happens?
12 weeks to birth finishing touches everything needs to grow
49
When is someone considered infertile?
inability to conceive a child after 12 months of sex without protection
50
What does an increase in temperature mean?
ovulation is occuring
51
When you are ovulating how many times should you have sex?
once every 3 days and only once
52
During the infertility process what does a woman have to do?
she is put on pills and injections to increase ovulation. She becomes very hormonal.
53
Describe IFV - invetro
egg and sperm are fertilized in a lab dish and then transferred into the womans uterus. In order obtain an egg they will need to removed 8-10 eggs from the ovaries - very painful.
54
Describe GIFT - gamete intrafallopion transfer
sperm and egg inserted into the womans fallopian tube
55
Describe ZIFT - zygote intrafallopian transfer
egg and sperm are fertilized in a lab dish and transferred into womans fallopian tubes at much earlier stage of cell division
56
Describe IUI - intrauterine insemination
sperm is directly inserted in uterus
57
Describe ICSI - intracytoplasmic sperm injection
single sperm is injected into an egg in a lab dish then implanted into the uterus
58
What is the success rate of any of the infertilization processes?
25-30%
59
What is the abnormality when a baby can't metabolize proteins from moms milk.
Pheynlketonuia (PKU)
60
If PKU is not caught within 6 months what will happen?
The baby will become brain damaged.
61
What is the genetic disorder caused by an extra chromosome? (47 rather than 46)
Downs Syndrome
62
What are the chances of developing an extra chromosome during pregnancy at the following ages: 20 yrs 35 yrs 45 yrs
1 in 2000 1 in 300 1 in 30
63
What is the disease called where the blood cells are hook shaped and normally occur in black people?
sickle cell anemia
64
What is the disease that happens which is mainly in males? There is an extra chromosome and the affects are under developed testis, have breasts and are tall...
Klinefelter Syndrome
65
What disease happens in girls where they are missing an x chromosome? They will typically have short webbing on neck and have mental retardation.
Turner syndrome
66
What is the disease in males that can exhibit possible signs of aggression?
XYY syndrome
67
What is the test done where fluid is drawn from mom's tummy and can determine chromosomal diseases or metabolic disorders? There is a slight risk of miscarrying after the test.
Amniocentisis
68
What test routinely happens around 17 weeks to check on development of baby?
ultrasound sonography
69
What test happens to determine how well the placenta is functioning?
chorionic villi test
70
What test often develops a false positive?
alpha feta protein (AFP) - maternal blood test
71
What is any agent that causes a birth defect in the first trimester? and give an example of one.
teratogen | alcohol, drugs, etc.
72
What does the acronym TORCH stand for?
``` Toxoplasmosis - cat litter Other infections (syphylis, HIV) Rubella (immigrants at risk) Cytomegalovirus (herpes virus family) Herpes (simplex or genital, deadly to baby) ```
73
What syndrome would be apparent if a baby was born with facial deformities, defective limites, flat faced and closed eyes?
fetal alcohol syndrome
74
What affect would smoking during pregnancy have on the baby?
1. kills portions of placenta 2. starves baby of oxygen & nutrition 3. babies have respiritory or SIDS symptoms
75
What affects can smoking marijuana have on the baby?
1. can cause tremours in babies and startled reflex | 2. hard time with short term memories
76
What happens to babies born if the have been subjected to heroin?
they are born with a physical addiction, babies go through withdrawal
77
What can happen to a baby who has been exposed to cocaine?
low birth weight and born with a deformed GI tract
78
What would happen to a baby exposed to radiation?
brain damage
79
Why should a pregnant woman not go in hot tubs or saunas while pregnant?
this would bring up the amniotic temperature to high
80
What does dizygotic refer to? and what does it mean?
fraternal twins | two seperate ovum fertilized by two sperm, two placentas, two chorions and two amnions
81
What does monozygotic refer to? and what does it mean?
single fertilized ovum | same sex, same gene type (appearance), two seperate amnion sacs, one chorion and one placenta
82
When does division occur in fraternal twins?
within 3 days
83
When does division occur in identical twins?
day 5
84
When happens when division occurs at 7 to 13 days?
the 2 embryos share an amnion sac and same chorion. This can result in twins being attached.
85
What is the Human Genome Project?
this project has made remarkable advances toward determining the exact DNA sequence of human genes and the precise genes that are associated with certain abnormalaties

Nursing 101 - Exam #2 (7 decks)

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