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Neuro III > Biological Basis of Behavior > Flashcards

Biological Basis of Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the synapse between a motor neuron & a muscular junction

A
  • Synapse btw moror neuron & muscular junction
    • AP propogates wave of depolarization (opens Nav)
    • Cav that causes flux of Ca at the presynaptic terminal - leads to fusion of vesicles that contain neurotransmitters (ACh)
      • ACh diffuses into the synapse - binds to nicotinic AChR (Na channels)
      • causes depolarization - AP on muscle membrane
        • propogates to sarcoplasmic T-tubules which creates calclium flux -> muscle contraction
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2
Q

Nicotinic ACh receptors are what type of receptor?

Describe their composition & binding sites.

A

ligand-gated ion channel

5 subunits in a donut shape looking into plane of membrane w/ ion channel in middle ; 2 agonist binidng sites on alpha subunits -> conformational change

leads to Na influx and depolarization

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3
Q

Muscarinic ACh receptors are what type of receptor?

A

G protein coupled recptors

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4
Q

What are the 5 subunits of the nicotinic AChR?

A

a2Byd

alpha(2), beta, gamma, delta

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5
Q

What is the function of agrin?

A

triggers the clustering of acetylcholine receptors (AChR)

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6
Q

How does agrin trigger the clustering of AChR?

A

binds to receptor & co-receptor -> activates muscle specific tyrosine (MuSK) -> phosphorylates other kinasea & leads to clustering

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7
Q

What two proteins are required for clustering?

A

Agrin

Rapsyn

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8
Q

What is the goal of ACHR regulation with regards to location?

A

upregulate AChR syntheis at NMJ

down regulated AChR synthesis distant from NMJ

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9
Q

How is synthesis of AChR downregulated?

Where would you want this to occur?

A

Electrical activity

down regulated AChR synthesis distant from NMJ

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10
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of MG & how this might relate to AChR expression at the NMJ

A
  • Presentation
    • muscle weakness that worsens after periods of activity & improves after periods of rest
  • d/t autoAb for AChR -> decreased signaling & degradation of NMJ
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11
Q

Symptomatic Acute treatment for MG?

A

pyridostigmine

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12
Q

Chronic treatment MG?

A

immunosupression / thymmectomy

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13
Q

Pyridostigmine

MOA

AE

A

Pyridostigmine

  • MOA
    • ACh esterase inhibitor
    • does not cross BBB
  • AE
    • sweating
    • diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, increased salivation
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14
Q

What word describes:

physiological responses that occur more or less unconsciously when the brain detects situations

A

emotions

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15
Q

What word describes:

the conscious experience resulting from the emotions

A

feelings

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16
Q

What word describes:

some stimuli evoke emotions automatically

A

emotional competence

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17
Q

Describe the pathway of emotional stimuli

A
  • Emotional stimuli -> thalamus -> hypothalamus & sensory cortex
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18
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus in the emotional response?

Descending & ascending connections?

A
  • evaluates the emotional quality &
    • descending connections give rise to emotional response
    • asecnding connections to hippocampus & anterior thalamus give rise to feelings
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19
Q

How is synthesis of AChR up regulated?

A

Neuregulin activation of ErbB tyrosine kinase - HER2 receptor

Induces AChR synthesis

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20
Q

What is the function of the Cingulate Cortex?

How does it communicate wihth the hypothalamus?

A

creating feelings

hypothalamus -> anterior thalamus -> cingulate cortex

cingulate cortex -> hippocampus -> hypothalamus

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21
Q

What are the roles of the limbic system?

A
  • emotional behavior
  • memory
  • integration of homeostatic responses
    • preservation of the species
    • securign food
    • fight or flight response
  • sexual behavior
  • motivation
22
Q

What is the major function of the hippocampal formation?

A

learning & memory formation

23
Q

What is the major function of the cingulate gyrus?

A

emotional behavior & pain

24
Q

What is the major function of the amygdala?

A

v. important site for emotion & fear

25
Q

What is the major function of the nucleus accumbens?

A

pleasure & addiction

26
Q

What is the major function of the pre frontal cortex?

A

social interaction

27
Q

The amygdalal receives information from what afferents?

Role with theses stimuli?

A

olfactory, somatosensory, auditory, visual

(most are reciprocal)

integration of stimuli & actions

28
Q

What is the term for:

learn to associate predictive stimuli with danger, harm, or pain

A

conditioned fear

29
Q

What is the term for :

inborn avoidance

A

innate fear

30
Q

Fear conditioning can be blocked by damage to what structure?

A

amygdala

31
Q

Describe the pathway for processing through the amygdala of a stimuli recognized to be a threat

A
  • Cortex / Hippocampus / Talamus
    • -> Lateral Nuclear Complex of Amygdala
      • -> Central Nucleus
        • -> Hypothalamus
          • (sympathetic activation of CRF release)
32
Q

The hypothalamus releases what substance in response to fear?

This leads to what physiologic responses?

A
  • Corticotropin releaseing factor (CRF)
    • -> release of cortisol from adrenals
      • suppress inflammation
      • catabolic state
      • heighten arousal
      • survival resoponse
33
Q

The amygdala controls the release of what stress hormones?

A

CRF

epinephrine

norepinephrine

cortisol

34
Q

Why does the amygdala communicate with the hippocampus?

A

enhances the memory of the stressful event

35
Q

What are the subcategories of implicit & explicit memory?

A
  • Implicit (non-declarative)
    • unconscious
    • perception & motor skills
  • Explicit (declarative)
    • conscious recall
    • people, places, objects
36
Q

What were the impact on memory for patient H.M. who had bilateral medial temporal lobes removed?

A
  • Long-term memory (some retrograde amnesia) & short-term memory in tact
    • dramatic lack of transfer of short-term to long term
  • Learning motor skills in tact
37
Q

Lesions where will have no impact on implicit memory but will impact explicit declarative memory?

A

medial temporal lobe

38
Q

Damage to the hippocampus can cause problems with what type of memory?

A

impair explicit memory storage

explicity memory (episodic & semantic)

39
Q

What is the functional significance that hte septum & amygdala are involved in informaiton modulation?

A

things learned ina happy state are better recalled during a happy state than during a sad state

things learned during a sad state are better recaled when feeling sad

40
Q

What are the 3 cellular mechanisms of implicit memory?

A

habituation (decrease in transmitter release upon repeated stimulation)

sensitization

facilitation

41
Q

What is the cellular mechanisms of explicity memory?

A

long term potentiation

(activity dependent increased synaptic efficacy)

42
Q

What is the term for:

the inabilityto move information from short-term to long-term memory?

A

anterograde amnesia

43
Q

What site is most heavily damaged in Alzheimer’s disease & is also the site of early onset?

A

entorhinal cortex

44
Q

What is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome? Cause?

A

memory disruption d/t loss of neurons in the mamillary nuclei (amnesia & confabulation)

cause: prolonged thiamin (vit B1) deficiency (chronic alcoholics)

45
Q

What is the relationship between the hippocampus & seizures?

A

low threshold for seizure activity

-> does not become generalized

46
Q

What is the earliest clinical sign of a subfrontal meningioma?

A

anosmia

47
Q

What is the significance of Alzheimer pathology occurring at the entorhinal cortex?

A

isolates hippocampal formation from rest of cerebral cortex

48
Q

Characterization of temporal lobe epilepsy?

A

psychological & motor manifestations

49
Q

Where is the likely neuropathology seen in schizophrenia?

A

cortical & subcortical limbic structures

50
Q

What are the symptoms of herpes simplex encephalitis?

A
  • focal seizures, focal neurologic signs, progressive deterioration of consciousness
  • necrotizing process with a predilection of the limbic system
51
Q

What is the clinical impact of diazepam?

A

anxiolytic

(benzodiadepam)

increased the time mice spent on the “open arms” ledge - decreasing innate fear response

Neuro III (14 decks)

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