Biolgical - Casey

Question 1

What is instant and delayed gratification

Answer 1

Instant - the inability to resist temptation for an immediate reward and not able to wait for later one

Ability to resist temptation for an immediate reward and wait for later one

Question 2

Cognitive control

Answer 2

Ability to suppress inappropriate thoughts or actions in favour of approriate ones

Question 3

Low delayers

High delayers

Answer 3

Low - people who cannot delay gratification

People who can delay gratification

Question 4

Ventral striatum and inferiority frontal gyrus

Answer 4

Vs- facilitates our rewards and excites our behaviour known as hot system - involves desire and emotion

Ifg- cognitive control interprets facial expressions gives us appropriate emotional response known as cool

Question 5

Overall aim

Answer 5

Conduct a longitudinal study that investigates delayed gratification over 40 years when ppts were initially tested

Question 6

Sample

Answer 6

562 4 year olds Stanford university - marshmallow
153 20 self report on self control
135- original sample in 30s which also looks at self control
59 experiment 1 and 27 experiment 2

Question 7

Experiment 1

Answer 7

59 ppts (32 high delayers 27 low delayers
Each face would appear for 0.5 seconds and have 1 second interval performance measured by reaction time and automatically recorded
Hot emotion happy and fearful face
Cool gender

Question 8

Experiment 2

Answer 8

Consented to experiment 1 excluded due to poor performance
Were placed in fmri completed hot task similar to to experiment 1
Brain activity observed - focusing on ventral striatum and ifg

Question 9

Results

Answer 9

Experiment 1 - no difference in reaction time both conditions accurate on go task
Ld made errors of hot task when Told not to click for happy face
Experiment 2 - ld had more activity in vs less in ifg
Hd high activity in ifg low activity in vs

Question 10

Research method

Answer 10

Quasi design is naturally occurring lots of control strength is that using high technology draw conclusion in difference s in experiment 1 and 2
Longitudinal - allow to draw develop may be same as in adults are long time to conduct

Question 11

Data

Answer 11

Quantitatively
How many made errors on each task ld on happy face 15.7 percent easy to compare over conditions - showed found it difficult to resist temptation
Could be stasis tally analysed to check significance of results

Question 12

Ethical consideration

Answer 12

Conducted ethically consented , no deception, neither harmed or stressed fact number of participant reduced between two experiments withdrawal

Question 13

Validity

Answer 13

Under controlled conditions less extraneous variables impact study

Question 14

Ecological validity

Answer 14

No resemblance to real life
Famished static image of happy face may elicit a realistic response doesn’t tell us how would response under normal conditions
Fmri scanner not realistic

Question 15

Reliability

Answer 15

Cost and time effective not so can’t be replicated

Question 16

Sample

Answer 16

Subject attrition as it reduces may not be generalisable volunteer may have interest in study may differe who didn’t have interest
Not all ld and hd would be same for everyone

Question 17

Ethnocentrism

Answer 17

Self control and gratification based in anatomy and physionogmy conducted in America culture may affect whether h delayers or low delayers , culture if America effect behaviour cannot be generalised

Question 18

Perspective and areas

Answer 18

Investigating whether specific regions of brain Impact on our ability to resist temptation of rewarding stimuli
Shows our biology plays important role I. Our ability to defer gratification
Individual differences present from childhood are stable across decade to defer gratification

Question 19

Key theme

Answer 19

Revealed two regions of brain have impact on our ability to resist temptation and defer gratification. Found evidence for hit and cooks systems

Question 20

Changes understanding of the key theme

Answer 20

Adding to sperrys research if regions of brain.

Question 21

Change cultural diversity , individual and social understanding

Answer 21

Not change understating of cultural difference since both study ping brain structure and function of individual in America. Changes understanding of individual diversity
Brain differences in typical people in areas of self control and can explain differences I response to range of tempting stimuli in environment

Question 22

Comparison with classic study

Answer 22

Similar
Lab , demonstrate brain function of specific region in brain
Conducted ethically
Differences - cases brain of normal adults sorry in specific cases more generalisable
Longitudinal cases sorry snapshot