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BIOL2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

an arteriole contain muscle fibres. explain how these muscle fibres reduce blood flow to capillaries. (2)

A
  • muscle contracts

- arteriole constricts

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2
Q

leopards, cheetahs and pumas are all members of the family Felidae. biologists used DNA hybridisation to investigate the evolutionary relationships between them. they found that hybrid DNA from a leopard and a cheetah separated into single strands at a higher temperature than hybrid from a leopard and a puma. these results suggest leopards are more closely related to cheetahs that to pumas. explain why. (2)

A
  • more hydrogen bonds

- similar base sequences

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3
Q

all modern cheetahs are thought to have descended for a single female. this female was part of a small population that survived an ice age a long time ago that killed almost all cheetahs. after the ice age, the number of cheetahs increased. use this information to explain what is meant by a genetic bottleneck. (2)

A
  • drop in population

- smaller gene pool

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4
Q

the fertility of cheetahs is low. the proportion of abnormal sperm cells produced is higher in cheetahs than in other members of the family Felidae. suggest an explanation for this. (2)

A
  • errors in meiosis

- interbreeding

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5
Q

give 2 precautions the students should have taken when setting up the photometer to obtain reliable measurements of water uptake by the plant shoot. (2)

A
  • cut shoot under water

- ensure no air bubbles present

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6
Q

a photometer measures the rate of water uptake rather than the rate of transpiration. give 2 reasons why the photometer does not truly measure the rate of transpiration. (2)

A
  • water used in photosynthesis

- water produced in respiration

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7
Q

explain why the rate of water uptake decreases as the number of leaves removed from the plant shoot increases. (4)

A
  • less surface area
  • fewer stomata
  • less transpiration
  • less cohesion
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8
Q

describe what happens during anaphase that results in the production of 2 genetically identical cells. (2)

A
  • sister chromatids

- move to poles

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9
Q

the variety of colours displayed by catfish is important in courtship. give ways in which courtship increases the probability of successful mating. (2)

A
  • attracts same species
  • synchronised mating
  • form bond pair
  • stimulates release of gametes
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10
Q

frequent treatment with antibiotics can result in resistant strains of bacteria. explain how. (3)

A
  • mutation
  • resistant gene
  • bacteria survive and reproduce
  • by binary fission
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11
Q

scientists can use protein structure to investigate the evolutionary relationship between different species. explain why. (2)

A
  • amino acid sequence related to DNA sequence

- closer the amino acid sequence the closer the relationship

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12
Q

explain the importance of taking a large number of samples at each site. (1)

A
  • more reliable mean

- identify anomalies

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13
Q

explain how oxygen is loaded, transported and unloaded in the blood. (6)

A
  • haemoglobin carries oxygen
  • in red blood cells
  • loading in lungs
  • at high partial pressure
  • unloads in tissues
  • at low partial pressure
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14
Q

explain the advantage to a person with anaemia having their oxygen dissociation curve shift to the right. (3)

A
  • lower affinity for oxygen

- releases more oxygen

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15
Q

what is meant by species diversity. (1)

A

number of species in a community

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16
Q

explain the movement of oxygen into the gas exchange system of an insect when it is at rest. (3)

A
  • oxygen used in aerobic respiration
  • so oxygen concentration gradient established
  • oxygen diffuses in
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17
Q

describe how temporary mounts are made. (2)

A
  • thin section
  • put in slide in stain
  • add cover slip
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18
Q

describe how the scientists could have used the temporary mounts of leaves to determine the mean number of chloroplasts in mesophyll cells of a leaf. (3)

A
  • select cells at random
  • count number of chloroplasts
  • divide number of chloroplasts by number of cells
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19
Q

what is meant by genetic diversity. (1)

A

difference in DNA

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20
Q

what is the function of coronary arteries? (2)

A
  • carry oxygen

- to heart muscle

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21
Q

the rise and fall in blood pressure in the aorta is greater than in the small arteries. suggest why. (3)

A
  • aorta is close to heart
  • aorta has elastic tissue
  • stretch and recoil
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22
Q

suggest and explain how companion cells are adapted for transport of sugars between cells. (2)

A
  • Mitochondria release ATP

- For active transport

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23
Q

suggest and explain a way in which sieve cells are adapted for mass transport. (2)

A
  • few organelles

- thick walls resist pressure

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24
Q

explain the role of independent segregation in meiosis. (2)

A
  • genetic variation
  • allow different combinations of maternal and paternal alleles
  • produce haploid cells
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25
Q

the oxygen dissociation curve for haemoglobin shifts to the right during vigorous exercise. explain the advantage of this shift. (3)

A
  • lower affinity for oxygen
  • oxygen to muscles
  • for high respiration
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26
Q

the volume of water passing over the gills increases if the temperature of water increases. suggest why. (1)

A

increased enzyme activity

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27
Q

tetracycline can enter a bacterium through protein A. this protein is found in the plasma in the membrane. suggest how a change in the amino acid sequence of this protein could make a bacterium resistant to tetracycline. (2)

A
  • different tertiary structure

- not complementary

28
Q

there were differences in separation temperature of DNA formed from single- stranded DNA of the same species of primate. suggest why. (1)

A

different alleles

29
Q

explain how the structure of DNA is related to its function. (6)

A
  • double stranded => strength
  • large => stores lots of information
  • helix => compact
  • base sequence => allows info to be stored
  • double stranded => replication can occur semi- conservatively
  • many hydrogen bonds=> replication
30
Q

describe the role of the centromere in mitosis. (2)

A
  • holds chromatids together

- attaches chromatids to spindle

31
Q

DNA helicase is important in DNA replication. explain why. (2)

A
  • breaks hydrogen bonds

- so nucleotides can attach

32
Q

the oxygen dissociation curve of the fetus is to the left of that for its mother. explain the advantage of this for the fetus. (2)

A
  • higher affinity for oxygen

- oxygen moves from mother to fetus

33
Q

after birth, fetal haemoglobin is replaced with adult haemoglobin. suggest the advantage of this to the baby. (2)

A
  • lower affinity for oxygen

- oxygen to respiring tissues

34
Q

abdominal pumping increases the efficiency of gas exchange between the tracheoles and muscle tissue of the insect. explain why. (2)

A
  • oxygen enters more quickly

- maintains diffusion pathway

35
Q

the insect opens its spiracles at a lower frequency in very dry conditions. suggest one advantage of this. (1)

A

no water lost

36
Q

the tracheoles connect directly with the insect’s muscle tissue and are filled with water. when flying, water is absorbed into the muscle tissue. removal of water from tracheoles increases the rate of diffusion of oxygen between the tracheoles and muscle tissue. suggest one reason why. (1)

A
  • greater surface area exposed to air
  • gases diffuse faster in air than through water
  • increases volume of air
37
Q

mitosis is important in the life of an organism. give 2 reasons why. (2)

A
  • growth

- repair tissue

38
Q

explain why the biologist chose to examine 200 cells. (1)

A

representative

39
Q

explain how the standard deviation helps in the interpretation of these data. (2)

A
  • shows spread of data

- low SD means results more reliable

40
Q

describe how tissue fluid is formed and how it is returned to the circulatory system. (6)

A 
formation
- high hydrostatic pressure
- forces water out
- large proteins remain in capillary
return
- low water potential in capillary
- due to proteins
- water enters by osmosis
41
Q

explain why the values for the pressure in the xylem are negative. (1)

A

lower than atmospheric pressure

42
Q

explain 1 way in which this palisade cell is adapted for photosynthesis. (1)

A

chloroplasts absorb light

43
Q

an increase in respiration in the tissue of a mammal affects the oxygen dissociation curve of haemoglobin. describe and explain how. (2)

A
  • increase in CO2

- curve moves to right

44
Q

there is less oxygen at high altitudes that at sea level. people living at high altitudes have more red blood cells than people living at sea level. explain the advantage of this to people living at high altitude. (2)

A
  • lower affinity for oxygen

- oxygen to tissues

45
Q

the stomata on the leaves of pine trees are found in pits below the leaf surface. explain how this helps reduce water loss. (2)

A
  • water vapour increases humidity

- water gradient reduces

46
Q

the blood pressure is high at the start of the capillary. explain how the left ventricle causes the blood to be high at high pressure. (1)

A

contracts

47
Q

the blood pressure decreases along the length of the capillary. what causes this decrease in pressure? (2)

A
  • loss of water

- resistance of capillary wall

48
Q

in children, some diets may result in a low concentration of protein in fluid F. this can cause the accumulation of tissue fluid. explain the link between a low concentration of protein in fluid F and the accumulation of tissue fluid. (3)

A
  • water potential gradient is reduced
  • more tissue fluid formed
  • no water absorbed
  • by osmosis
49
Q

explain why it may be more useful to calculate the index of diversity than to record only the number of species present. (2)

A
  • measures number of individuals and number of species

- some species only present in small numbers

50
Q

the zoologist measured oxygen uptake per gram of body mass. explain why he measured oxygen uptake per gram of body mass, (2)

A
  • allows comparison

- as animals differ in size

51
Q

the scientist measured the volume of the tumours. explain the advantage of using volume rather than length to measure the growth of tumours. (1)

A

don’t grow uniformly

52
Q

in cells, taxol disrupts spindle activity. use this information to explain the results in the group that has been treated with taxol. (3)

A
  • mitosis
  • as chromosomes cannot attach to spindle
  • cell division slows down
53
Q

give 2 ways in which courtship behaviour increases the probability of successful mating. (2)

A
  • recognise members of same species

- recognition of mate

54
Q

mikanolide is a drug that inhibits the enzyme DNA polymerase. explain why this drug may be effective against some types of cancer. (2)

A
  • prevents DNA replication

- new strand not formed

55
Q

the number of species present is one way to measure biodiversity. explain why an index of diversity may be a more useful measure of biodiversity (2)

A
  • Also measures number of individuals in a species / different proportions of species;
  • Some species may be present in low/high numbers;
56
Q

explain the importance of elastic fibres in the wall of the aorta. (2)

A
  • stretch and recoil to smooth blood flow
57
Q

explain the importance of muscle fibres in the wall of the arteriole. (2)

A
  • contracts

- arteriole constricts

58
Q

the rate of blood flow decreases from the aorta to the capillaries. why. (1)

A

larger increase in cross sectional area

59
Q

the student cut the shoot and put it into the potometer under water. explain why. (1)

A

prevent air entering

60
Q

the student measured the rate of water uptake 3 times. suggest how the reservoir allows repeat measurements to be made. (1)

A

returns bubble to start

61
Q

some of the gametes formed during meiosis have new combinations of alleles. explain how the gametes with the combinations of alleles Ef and eF have been produced. (2)

A
  • crossing over

- exchange of alleles between chromosomes

62
Q

only a few gametes have the new combination of alleles Ef and eF. most gametes have the combination of alleles EF and ef. suggest why only a few gametes have the new combination of alleles, Ef and eF. (1)

A

rare

63
Q

describe how oxygen loads and unloads in the body. (3)

A
  • loading of oxygen
  • in lungs
  • unloads oxygen
  • in tissues
64
Q

heat from respiration helps mammals to maintain a constant body temperature. explain the relationship between the surface area to volume ratio of mammals and the oxygen dissociation curves of their haemoglobins. (4)

A
  • smaller mammal has greater SA: V ratio
  • smaller mammals lose more heat
  • greater rate of respiration
  • oxygen required for respiration
65
Q

scientists analysis of blood proteins has indicated a lack of genetic diversity in populations of some organisms. describe the processes that lead to a reduction in the genetic diversity of populations of organisms. (6)

A
  • reduced gene pool
  • founder effect
  • few individuals become isolated
  • genetic bottleneck
  • fall in size of population
  • selective breeding

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