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Kaplan MCAT 7 Books > Biol Ch. 3 - Embryogenesis and Development > Flashcards

Biol Ch. 3 - Embryogenesis and Development Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

What is the widest part of the fallopian tube?

A

Ampulla

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2
Q

What is the release of calcium ions following sperm penetration? These calcium ions depolarize the membrane of the ovum, which serves two purposes: depolarization prevents fertilization of the ovum by multiple sperm cells, and the increased calcium concentration increases the metabolic rate of the newly formed diploid zygote.

A

Cortical reaction

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3
Q

What form from fertilization of two different eggs released during one ovulatory cycle by two different sperm?

A

Dizygotic (fraternal) twins

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4
Q

What form when a single zygote splits into two? Because the genetic material is identical, the genomes of the offspring will be too. If division is incomplete, conjoined twins may result, where the two offspring are physically attached.

A

Monozygotic (identical) twins

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5
Q

What results in cells that can still develop into complete organisms?

A

Indeterminate cleavage

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6
Q

What results in cells with fates that are, as the term implies, already determined? In other words, these cells are committed to differentiating into a certain type of cell.

A

Determinate cleavage

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7
Q

What is a solid mass of cells?

A

Morula

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8
Q

What is the hollow ball of cells that forms after morula undergoes blastulation? Implantation occurs during this stage.

A

Blastula

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9
Q

What is fluid-filled inner cavity of blastula?

A

Blastocoel

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10
Q

What is the mammalian blastula?

A

Blastocyst

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11
Q

What surround the blastocoel and give rise to the chorion and later the placenta?

A

Trophoblast cells

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12
Q

What protrudes into the blastocoel and gives rise to the organism itself?

A

Inner cell mass

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13
Q

What is an extraembryonic membrane that develops into the placenta?

A

Chorion

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14
Q

What consists of two arteries and one vein encased in a gelatinous substance?

A

Umbilical cord

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15
Q

What is the site of early blood cell development?

A

Yolk sac

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16
Q

What involved in early fluid exchange between the embryo and the yolk sac?

A

Allantois

17
Q

What surrounds allantois? It is a thin, tough membrane filled with amniotic fluid.

A

Amnion

18
Q

What generates three distinct cell layers?

A

Gastrulation

19
Q

What is the invagination into the blastocoel?

A

Archenteron

20
Q

What is the opening of the archenteron?

A

Blastopore

21
Q

What are organisms (humans included) where blastopore develops into anus?

A

Deuterostomes

22
Q

What are organisms where blastopore develops into mouth?

A

Protostomes

23
Q

What is the outermost layer which gives rise to the integument, including the epidermis, hair, nails, and the epithelia of the nose, mouth, and lower anal canal? The lens of the eye, nervous system (including adrenal medulla), and inner ear are also derived from it.

A

Ectoderm

24
Q

What is the middle layer which develops into several different systems including musculoskeletal, circulatory, and most of the excretory systems? It also gives rise to the gonads as well as the muscular and connective tissue layers of the digestive and respiratory systems and the adrenal cortex.

A

Mesoderm

25
Q

What is the innermost layer which forms the epithelial linings of the digestive and respiratory tracts, including the lungs? The pancreas, thyroid, bladder, and distal urinary tracts, as well as parts of the liver, are derived from it.

A

Endoderm

26
Q

What is the ability of one group of cells to influence the fate of nearby cells? This process is mediated by chemical substances called inducers which diffuse from the organizing cells to the responsive cells.

A

Induction

27
Q

What are substances that interfere with development, causing defects or even death of the developing embryo?

A

Teratogens

28
Q

What are cells that have not yet differentiated or that give rise to other cells that will differentiate?

A

Stem cells

29
Q

What includes embryonic stem cells; these cells can differentiate into any cell type, either in the fetus or in placental structures.

A

Totipotent

30
Q

What cells can differentiate into any cell type except for those found in the placental structures?

A

Pluripotent

31
Q

What cells can differentiate into multiple types of cells within a particular group?

A

Multipotent

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