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Kaplan MCAT 7 Books > Biol Ch. 1 - The Cell > Flashcards

Biol Ch. 1 - The Cell Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 principles of cell theory?

A

1) All life is made of cells.
2) Cell is the basic functional unit of life.
3) Cells arise only from preexisting cells.
4) Cells carry genetic info in DNA, which is passed from parent to daughter cell.

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2
Q

Where is rRNA synthesized?

A

Nucleolus

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3
Q

How do mitochondria replicate?

A

Binary fission

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4
Q

What often works with lysosomes? They transport, package, and sort cell material traveling to and from the membrane.

A

Endosomes

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5
Q

What organelle is studded with ribosomes, which permit the translation of proteins destined for secretion directly into its lumen?

A

Rough ER

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6
Q

What organelle lacks ribosomes and is utilized primarily for lipid synthesis (such as the phospholipids in the cell membrane) and the detoxification of certain drugs and poisons?

A

Smooth ER

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7
Q

Do all cells have the same relative distribution of organelles?

A

No. Form will follow function. Cells that require a lot of energy for locomotion have high concentrations of mitochondria. Cells involved in secretion (such as pancreatic islet cells and other endocrine tissues) have high concentrations of RER and Golgi apparatuses. Other cells, such as red blood cells, which primarily serve a transport function, have no organelles at all.

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8
Q

What organelle contains hydrogen peroxide and one of the primary functions is the breakdown of very long chain fatty acids via β-oxidation? They also participate in the synthesis of phospholipids and contain some of the enzymes involved in the pentose phosphate pathway.

A

Peroxisomes

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9
Q

What are the 3 components of cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments

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10
Q

What are microfilaments made of?

A

Actin

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11
Q

What 2 functions do microfilaments have?

A

1) Using ATP to generate force for movement by interacting with myosin, such as in muscle contraction
2) Forming cleavage furrow and dividing into 2 daughter cells

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12
Q

What 2 motor proteins are provided a pathway by microtubules?

A

Kinesin and dynein

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13
Q

What structural similarity do cilia and flagella have in eukaryotic cells?

A

9 + 2 structure. 9 pairs of microtubules in outer ring and 2 microtubules in the center.

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14
Q

What do microtubules attach to on center of the chromosome to pull them apart?

A

Kinetochores

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15
Q

What is involved in cell–cell adhesion or maintenance of the overall integrity of the cytoskeleton and help anchor other organelles including nucleus?

A

Intermediate filaments

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16
Q

What tissues cover the body and line its cavities, providing a means for protection against pathogen invasion and desiccation? In certain organs, they are involved in absorption, secretion, and sensation.

A

Epithelial tissue

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17
Q

What underlying layer of connective tissue are epithelial cells attached to?

A

Basement membrane

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18
Q

What are the functional parts of the organ called?

A

Parenchyma

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19
Q

What shape are squamous cells?

A

Flat and scale-like

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20
Q

What is support structure called in organs?

A

Stroma

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21
Q

What are similarities between Archaea and Eukarya?

A

Both start translation with methionine, contain similar RNA polymerases, and associate their DNA with histones.

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22
Q

What are similarities between Archaea and Bacteria?

A

Both contain a single circular chromosome, divide by binary fission, and share a similar overall structure.

23
Q

What are 3 differently shaped bacteria called?

A

Cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod shaped), spirilli (spiral shaped)

24
Q

What bacteria need oxygen for metabolism?

A

Obligate aerobes

25
Q

What bacteria can’t survive in oxygen environment?

A

Obligate anaerobes

26
Q

What bacteria toggle using and not using oxygen for metabolism depending on the environment?

A

Facultative anaerobes

27
Q

What bacteria don’t use oxygen for metabolism but aren’t harmed by it?

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

28
Q

What bacteria stains purple, has thick peptidoglycan layer made of amino acids and sugars, and lipoteichoic acid?

A

Gram-positive bacteria

29
Q

What bacteria doesn’t stain purple, has thin cell wall with some peptidoglycan, and outer membrane containing phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides?

A

Gram-negative bacteria

30
Q

What triggers more inflammatory response: lipoteichoic acid or lipopolysaccharides?

A

Lipopolysaccharides which are found in gram-negative bacteria

31
Q

What is the ability of a cell to detect chemical stimuli and move toward or away from them?

A

Chemotaxis

32
Q

What is the hollow helical structure made of flagellin on the end of the flagellum?

A

Filament

33
Q

What is the complex structure that anchors the flagellum to the cytoplasmic membrane and is also the motor of the flagellum?

A

Basal body

34
Q

What connects the filament and the basal body so that, as the basal body rotates, it exerts torque on the filament, which thereby spins and propels the bacterium forward?

A

Hook

35
Q

What carry DNA that is not necessary for survival of the prokaryote—and so is not part of the bacterial genome—but may give an advantage such as antibiotic resistance.

A

Plasmids

36
Q

What are plasmids capable of integrating into the bacterial genome?

A

Episomes

37
Q

What is the integration of foreign genetic material into the host genome?

A

Transformation

38
Q

What is the bacterial form of mating?

A

Conjugation

39
Q

What is the difference between F+ (fertility factor) and Hfr (high frequency of recombination)?

A

The key difference between F+ strains and Hfr is that F+ strains have F plasmids in the cytoplasm freely without integrating into bacterial chromosomes while Hfr strains have F plasmids integrated to their chromosomes.

40
Q

What is the only genetic recombination process that requires a vector—a virus that carries genetic material from one bacterium to another?

A

Transduction

41
Q

What are genetic elements capable of inserting and removing themselves from the genome.

A

Transposons

42
Q

What are the 4 phases of bacterial growth?

A

Lag phase, exponential phase (or log phase), stationary phase, death phase

43
Q

What are single-stranded RNA viruses where the genome may be directly translated to functional proteins by the ribosomes of the host cell, just like mRNA?

A

Positive sense (+ssRNA)

44
Q

What are single-stranded RNA viruses which act as a template for synthesis of a complementary strand, which then is used as a template for protein synthesis? They must carry an RNA replicase in the virion to ensure that the complementary strand is synthesized.

A

Negative sense (-ssRNA)

45
Q

What viruses carry an enzyme known as reverse transcriptase, which synthesizes DNA from single-stranded RNA? The DNA then integrates into the host cell genome, where it is replicated and transcribed as if it were the host cell’s own DNA.

A

Retroviruses

46
Q

What cycle is it where bacteriophage maximizes the use of the cell’s machinery with little regard for the survival of the host cell? Once the host is swollen with new virions, the cell lyses, and other bacteria can be infected.

A

Lytic cycle

47
Q

What cycle is it where bacteriophage will be replicated as the bacterium reproduces because it is now a part of the host’s genome as a prophage?

A

Lysogenic cycle

48
Q

What are infectious proteins that cause disease by triggering misfolding of other proteins, usually through the conversion of a protein from an α-helical structure to a β-pleated sheet?

A

Prions

49
Q

What are small pathogens consisting of a very short circular single-stranded RNA that infect plants? They can bind to a large number of RNA sequences and can silence genes in the plant genome.

A

Viroids

50
Q

What secretes substances to form the extracellular matrix?

A

Connective tissue

51
Q

What nucleic acids can viruses have?

A

RNA or DNA (single or double stranded)

52
Q

A bacterial cell that does not rapidly cause a phenotypic change in the rest of the colony is likely not F+ (fertility factor) and can’t do what?

A

Conjugation

53
Q

What viruses need to be transported to the nucleus to produce viral proteins?

A

DNA viruses

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