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School > BIOL 365 (Animal Phys) > Flashcards

BIOL 365 (Animal Phys) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between a conformer and a regulator?

A

A conformer allows its internal parameters to change with the external environment; a regulator responds to environmental change to maintain its internal parameters within a set range.

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2
Q

What is the difference between direct and indirect cell signalling?

A

Direct signalling transfers molecules from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of a neighbouring cell (via gap junctions); indirect signalling requires the release of chemical messengers into extracellular space.

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3
Q

What is a gap junction?

A

An aqueous channel formed between adjacent cells with aligned hemichannels made of connexins; used for direct cell signalling.

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4
Q

What is a chemical messenger?

A

A molecule that is released by a cell in response to some stimulus and transported to a target cell receptor to effect some change in the body.

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5
Q

What are connexins?

A

The protein subunits that make up the hemichannels forming each half of a gap junction between neighbouring cells.

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6
Q

What can be transferred via a gap junction?

A

Ions and chemical messenger molecules.

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7
Q

What is paracrine signalling?

A

A form of short-distance, indirect signalling in which a chemical messenger released by a cell is transported to a receptor on a different cell.

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8
Q

What is autocrine signalling?

A

A form of short-distance, indirect signalling in which a chemical messenger released by a cell is transported to a receptor on the same cell.

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9
Q

What are the two main mechanisms for short-distance, indirect cell signalling?

A

Autocrine and paracrine signalling.

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10
Q

What are the two main mechanisms for long-distance, indirect cell signalling?

A

Endocrine and nervous signalling.

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11
Q

What type of chemical messengers are used by the endocrine system?

A

Hormones.

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12
Q

What type of chemical messengers are used by the nervous system?

A

Neurotransmitters.

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13
Q

What triggers the release of neurotransmitters in the nervous system?

A

Action potentials.

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14
Q

What are the 7 classes of chemical messengers?

A
  • Peptides
  • Steroids
  • Amines
  • Lipids
  • Purines
  • Gases
  • Amino acids
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15
Q

What structural property of a chemical messenger most significantly affects its signalling mechanism?

A

Hydrophobicity.

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16
Q

What are peptide hormones?

A

Hydrophilic chemical messengers composed of amino acids.

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17
Q

Where are peptide hormones synthesized?

A

On the rough ER.

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18
Q

In what form are peptide hormones usually produced initially?

A

Preprohormones (an inactive form).

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19
Q

In what form are peptide hormones usually stored?

A

Prohormones (an inactive form).

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20
Q

How are hydrophilic chemical messengers transported to target cells?

A

In vesicles.

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21
Q

What is usually cleaved off of an inactive peptide hormone during the transition from preprohormone to prohormone?

A

A signal peptide directing it to the appropriate vesicle.

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22
Q

Where is melatonin secreted?

A

Pineal gland.

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23
Q

What kind of hormone is melatonin?

A

Amine.

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24
Q

What does melatonin do?

A

Regulate circadean/seasonal rhythms.

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25
Q

Where are tropic hormones secreted?

A

Hypothalamus.

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26
Q

What kind of hormones are tropic hormones?

A

Peptide.

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27
Q

What do tropic hormones do?

A

Regulate the anterior pituitary gland.

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28
Q

Where is oxytocin secreted?

A

Posterior pituitary.

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29
Q

What kind of hormone is oxytocin?

A

Peptide.

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30
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

Stimulates uterine contraction (during childbirth) and milk release.

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31
Q

Where is vasopressin secreted?

A

Posterior pituitary.

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32
Q

What kind of hormone is vasopressin?

A

Peptide.

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33
Q

What does vasopressin do?

A

Regulates water reabsorption in the excretory system.

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34
Q

Where are vasotocin, isotocin, and mesotosin secreted?

A

Posterior pituitary (in fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds).

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35
Q

What kind of hormones are vasotocin, isotocin, and mesotocin?

A

Peptide.

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36
Q

What do vasotocin, isotocin, and mesotosin do?

A

Similar to mammalian vasopressin (water reabsorption) and oxytocin (birthing) in fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds.

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37
Q

Where is prolactin (PRL) secreted?

A

Anterior pituitary.

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38
Q

What kind of hormone is prolactin (PRL)?

A

Peptide.

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39
Q

What does prolactin (PRL) do in mammals?

A

Stimulates milk production.

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40
Q

What does prolactin (PRL) do in fish?

A

Osmoregulation.

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41
Q

Where is growth hormone (GH) secreted?

A

Anterior pituitary.

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42
Q

What kind of hormone is growth hormone (GH)?

A

Peptide.

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43
Q

What does growth hormone (GH) do?

A

Regulates metabolism and growth.

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44
Q

Where is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secreted?

A

Anterior pituitary.

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45
Q

What kind of hormone is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

A

Peptide.

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46
Q

What does adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) do?

A

Regulates corticosteroid release.

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47
Q

Where is thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secreted?

A

Anterior pituitary.

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48
Q

What kind of hormone is thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

A

Peptide.

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49
Q

What does thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) do?

A

Regulates thyroid hormone synthesis and release.

50
Q

Where is follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secreted?

A

Anterior pituitary.

51
Q

What kind of hormone is follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?

A

Peptide.

52
Q

What does follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) do?

A

Regulates egg/sperm production and sex hormone production.

53
Q

Where is luteinizing hormone (LH) secreted?

A

Anterior pituitary.

54
Q

What kind of hormone is luteinizing hormone (LH)?

A

Peptide.

55
Q

What does luteinizing hormone (LH) do?

A

Regulates egg/sperm production and sex hormone production.

56
Q

Where are triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) secreted?

A

Thyroid gland.

57
Q

What kind of hormones are triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)?

A

Amines.

58
Q

What do triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) do?

A

Regulate metabolism, growth, and development.

59
Q

Where is calcitonin secreted?

A

Thyroid gland.

60
Q

What kind of hormone is calcitonin?

A

Peptide.

61
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

Regulates plasma Ca2+ in nonhuman vertebrates.

62
Q

Where is parathyroid hormone secreted?

A

Parathyroid gland.

63
Q

What kind of hormone is parathyroid hormone?

A

Peptide.

64
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do?

A

Regulates plasma Ca2+ and phosphate levels.

65
Q

Where are thymosin and thymopoietin secreted?

A

Thymus gland.

66
Q

What kind of hormones are thymosin and thymopoietin?

A

Peptide.

67
Q

What do thymosin and thymopoietin do?

A

Regulate immune system development.

68
Q

Where is atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secreted?

A

Atrium cells in the heart.

69
Q

What kind of hormone is atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

A

Peptide.

70
Q

What does atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) do?

A

Regulates sodium levels and blood pressure.

71
Q

Where is angiotensin secreted?

A

Liver.

72
Q

What kind of hormone is angiotensin?

A

Peptide.

73
Q

What does angiotensin do?

A

Regulates aldosterone and blood pressure.

74
Q

Where is insulin-like growth factor (IGF) secreted?

A

Liver.

75
Q

What kind of hormone is insulin-like growth factor (IGF)?

A

Peptide.

76
Q

What does insulin-like growth factor (IGF) do?

A

Regulates growth and metabolism.

77
Q

Where are gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), secretin, and ghrelin secreted?

A

Stomach and small intestine.

78
Q

What kind of hormones are gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), secretin, and ghrelin?

A

Peptides.

79
Q

What do gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), secretin, and ghrelin do?

A

Regulate digestion, nutrient absorption, and food intake.

80
Q

Where are insulin and glucagon secreted?

A

Pancreas.

81
Q

What kind of hormones are insulin and glucagon?

A

Peptides.

82
Q

What do insulin and glucagon do?

A

Regulate blood glucose.

83
Q

Where is somatostatin secreted?

A

Pancreas.

84
Q

What kind of hormone is somatostatin?

A

Peptide.

85
Q

What does somatostatin do?

A

Regulates blood glucose, nutrients, growth, and metabolism.

86
Q

Where is aldosterone secreted?

A

Adrenal cortex (mammals) or dispersed cells (other vertebrates).

87
Q

What kind of hormone is aldosterone?

A

Steroid.

88
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Ion regulation.

89
Q

Where are glucocorticoids secreted?

A

Adrenal cortex (mammals) or dispersed cells (other vertebrates).

90
Q

What kind of hormones are glucocorticoids?

A

Steroid.

91
Q

What do glucocorticoids do?

A

Regulate ions, stress response, nutrient uptake & storage, and behaviour.

92
Q

Where are androgen precursors secreted?

A

Adrenal cortex (mammals) or dispersed cells (other vertebrates).

93
Q

What kind of hormones are androgen precursors?

A

Steroids.

94
Q

What do androgen precursors do?

A

Regulate sex drive (females) or bone growth at puberty (males).

95
Q

Where are epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted?

A

Adrenal medulla (mammals) or chromaffin cells (other vertebrates).

96
Q

What kind of hormones are epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

Amines.

97
Q

What do epinephrine and norepinephrine do?

A

Regulate stress response and the cardiovascular system.

98
Q

Where is stanniocalcin secreted?

A

Corpuscles of Stannius (fish) or various tissues (mammals).

99
Q

What kind of hormone is stanniocalcin?

A

Peptide.

100
Q

What does stanniocalcin do?

A

Regulates plasma Ca2+ in fish.

101
Q

Where is erythropoietin (EPO) secreted?

A

Kidneys.

102
Q

What kind of hormone is erythropoietin (EPO)?

A

Peptide.

103
Q

What does erythropoietin (EPO) do?

A

Regulates red blood cell production.

104
Q

Where is leptin secreted?

A

Adipose tissue.

105
Q

What kind of hormone is leptin?

A

Peptide.

106
Q

What does leptin do?

A

Regulates food intake, metabolism, and reproduction.

107
Q

Where is inhibin secreted?

A

Testes (males) or ovaries (females).

108
Q

What kind of hormone is inhibin?

A

Peptide.

109
Q

What does inhibin do?

A

Regulates sex hormones.

110
Q

Where are androgens secreted?

A

Testes (males).

111
Q

What kind of hormones are androgens?

A

Steroids.

112
Q

What do androgens do?

A

Regulate sperm production and secondary sexual characteristics.

113
Q

Where are estrogens and progesterone secreted?

A

Ovaries or placenta (pregnant female mammals).

114
Q

What kind of hormones are estrogens and progesterone?

A

Steroids.

115
Q

What do estrogens and progesterones do in the ovaries?

A

Regulate egg production and secondary sexual characteristics.

116
Q

What do estrogens and progesterone do in the placenta of pregnant female mammals?

A

Regulate fetal and maternal development.

117
Q

Where is chorionic gonadotropin (CG) secreted?

A

Placenta (pregnant female primates and horses).

118
Q

What kind of hormone is chorionic gonadotropin (CG)?

A

Peptide.

119
Q

What does chorionic gonadotropin (CG) do?

A

Regulates fetal and maternal development in pregnant female primates and horses.

120
Q

Where is chorionic somatomammotropin (CS; a.k.a. placental lactogen) secreted?

A

Placenta (pregnant female primates, rodents, and ruminants).

121
Q

What kind of hormone is chorionic somatomammotropin (CS; a.k.a. placental lactogen)?

A

Peptide.

122
Q

What does chorionic somatomammotropin (CS; a.k.a. placental lactogen) do?

A

Regulates fetal and maternal development in pregnant female primates, rodents, and ruminants.

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