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Biology > BIOL-1115 Chapter 4 > Flashcards

BIOL-1115 Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Similarities: Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cells

A

Bio molecules: similar basic stucture
Plasma membrane
Cytol/cytoplasm
DNA
Ribosomes

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2
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

No membrane bound organelles.
Have fimbraie -> for adherence

Have flagella
-> variance in presentation (their tail part)

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3
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A

Leading theory for how eukaryotic cells came to be:
Developed from ancestral prokaryotic cells
Nucleus first developed -> folding plasma membrane

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4
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Membrane bound nucleus, rather than a nucleoid.
Membrane bound organelles -> with specialized functions
Lots of proteins involved

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5
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Refers to the region between the nucleus and the cell membrane

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6
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Functions as a select barrier that allows passage of enough oxygen, nutrients and wastes to service the entire cell.

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7
Q

The nucleus

A

Contains most of the genes a membrane-enclosed organelle within a cell that contains the chromosomes.

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8
Q

Nucleolus

A

Site of rRNA synthesis and assembly with proteins into ribosomal subunits.

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9
Q

Ribosomes

A

Composed of rRNA and other proteins
-> found floating freely in the cytoplasm or to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum. M
Major part of protein transcription

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10
Q

Endomembrane system

A

Interconnected system between organelles built on continual membranes and transport vesicles.
->functions (protein synthesis, protein transport, cellular metabolism, lipid transport, and cell detoxification)

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11
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

Network of membranes which are continuous with the nuclear envelope.
-> lumen of the ER connects directly to the space between the nuclear membranes.

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12
Q

Rough ER

A

Hallmark feature is bound ribosomes
Does:
-> protein folding
-> prepares proteins for secretion

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13
Q

Smooth ER

A

No bound ribosomes
->synthesizes lipids
-> detoxification of drugs/toxins
-> Calcium ion storage
-> muscle cell contraction

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14
Q

Transitional ER

A

Site of transport vesicle formation
-> movement of products to other organelles (ex. Golgi apparatus)
-> secretion of products from the cell

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15
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Acts as the shipping/receiving depot of the cells
-> modifies glycoproteins & phospholipids
-> manufactures many polysaccharides

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16
Q

Lysosomes

A

The garbage and recycling depot of the cell. Need acidic environment to be functional.

17
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Process by which certain living cells called phagocytes in jest or engulf other cells/particles

18
Q

Autophagy

A

Allows your body to break down and reuse old cell parts so your cells can operate more efficiently.

19
Q

Vacuoles

A

A membrane-bound cell organelle

In animal cells -> generally small and help sequester waste
Plant cells -> help maintain water balance

20
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell
-> has a double membrane
-> wavy cristae increase surface area
-> has 2 different environments within because of aerobic respiration

21
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Contain specialized enzymes which remove hydrogen from certain molecules and transfer them to oxygen.
->is able to break down H2O2 into H2O.

22
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

(Is like scaffolding)
Composed of a network of fibres which extend through the cytoplasm.
Functions:
->cell shape
->anchorage of organelles
->motility

23
Q

Microtubules: Tubulin Polymers

A

Functions:
- maintenance of cell shape
- cell motility
- chromosome movement
- organelle movement

24
Q

Centrosomes

A

Region of an animal cell where microtubules are assembled.
->contains a pair of centrioles
-> found in animal cells, lacking in many others

25
Q

How are cilia & flagella similar?

A

Both are microtubules containing projections of the cell.
Act as propellers
Similar structural organization

26
Q

How are cilia and flagella different?

A

Direction of movement is different:
-> cilium have looser whipping actions
->flagella have more directional movements
-> cilia can act as an antenna

27
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

-helps maintain cell shape
-anchors organelles in place
-main component of nuclear lamina
-form more permanent framework in cell

28
Q

Actin filaments

A

(Microfilaments)
- Important in maintaining cell shape
- Bundles make up the core of microvilli
- Help create motility

29
Q

Microvilli

A
  • Increase surface area of the cell
  • Important for increased absorption (e.g. intestines)
  • Supported internally by microfilaments
30
Q

Integrins

A

Cell receptor proteins
-> transmit signals between external and internal environments
-> role in embryonic cell migration
-> influence gene expression

Biology (4 decks)

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