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Biology > BIOL-1115 Chapter 3 > Flashcards

BIOL-1115 Chapter 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Organic compounds

A

Carbon-containing compounds

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2
Q

Macromolecules

A

Are large organic compounds

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3
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Molecules composed of only carbon and hydrogen. Quite reactive and combustible (by high heat, pressure)

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4
Q

Isomers

A

Chemical compounds that have identical chemical formulas but differ in properties and the arrangement of atoms in the molecule.

(Ex. Structural and cis-trans isomers)

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5
Q

Structural isomers

A

Same chemical formula, but differ in structure due to the branching of the carbon chain.

Ex. Pentane vs 2-methyl butane

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6
Q

Cis-trans isomers (geometric)

A

Same chemical formula, but differ in structure due to position of “x” bonded to the carbon. (Only around a double bond)

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7
Q

Enantiomers

A

Are isomers that are mirror images of each other, that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon, one that is attached to four different atoms/group of atoms. (Changes receptor binding, can change drug activity and efficacy.)

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8
Q

ATP -> Adenosine triphosphate

A

Basic “energy” molecule of the cell.
-> adenosine is formed from adenine and ribose sugar. When ATP reacts with water it releases energy.

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9
Q

Macromolecules

A

Large molecules comprised of repeating components = polymers.
-> polymers are synthesized and disassembled by enzymes.
-> 4 classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid.

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10
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars = monomers
Some form of CH2O
Type of carbohydrates
Can be linear or can be ring structures

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11
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Consist of multiple monomers.
Most utilize monomers of glucose.
Storage of carbohydrates for later use in plants and animals.
Type of carbohydrate

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12
Q

Disaccharides

A

Type of carbohydrate
2 monomers covalently bound together

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13
Q

Lipids

A

Structurally diverse group
-> are hydrophobic in nature
-> mainly comprised of hydrocarbons
3 kinds, fats, phospholipids, steroids

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14
Q

Fats (triacylglycerol)

A

Cellular functions:
->energy storage
->insulation
->protection

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15
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

Only single bonds
Chains are straight
PAC tightly: solid at room temperature

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16
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid

A

Double bonds in carbon backbone
Produces a “kink” in the chain

17
Q

Phospholipids

A

The main structural component of cellular membranes

18
Q

Steroids

A

Consist of 4 fused hydrocarbon rings.
Different functional groups attached to the rings
Ex. Cholesterol

19
Q

Protein

A

Biologically active, composed of one or more polypeptides.

20
Q

What are the functions of a protein?

A

Enzymatic, defensive, transport, hormonal, storage, receptor, contractile/motor, structural.

21
Q

What are the three major components of an amino acid structure?

A

Amine group (+)
Carbonyl group (-)
Variable side group (R)

22
Q

What are the three amino acid groupings called?

A

Non polar (hydrophobic)
Polar (hydrophilic)
Charged (acidic or basic)

23
Q

Polypeptide synthesis

A

Backbone of amino-carbonyl molecule.
Peptide bond forms through a dehydration reaction.

24
Q

What are the four levels of protein structure?

A

1.) Primary
2.) secondary
3.)Tertiary
4.)Quaternary

25
Q

What is the primary level protein structure?

A

The amino acid sequence
-> determined by DNA (genes)

26
Q

What is the secondary level of protein structure?

A

Localized coils and folds.
->2 basic shapes
-> a helix
-> B - pleated sheet

27
Q

What is the tertiary level of protein structure?

A

Overall shape of polypeptide
-> created by interactions between side chains (R)

28
Q

What is the quaternary level of protein structure?

A

Formed by interactions between two or more polypeptides.
(Not all proteins have this structure)

29
Q

Protein folding

A

Essential for a polypeptide chain to acquire its proper structure and function.
-> is aided by other specialized proteins

30
Q

Nucleic acid

A

Polymers composed of nucleotide building blocks.
2 major forms: DNA and RNA

31
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

Serves a number of functions within the cell depending on their type of RNA,
-> mRNA ->messenger
-> rRNA -> ribosomal
->tRNA -> transfer

32
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

Comprised of genes which encode polypeptides.

33
Q

Nucleotide

A

Are the basic monomer building blocks of nucleic acids.
-> have a nitrogenous base, as phosphate group, and a pentose sugar.

34
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Contain one 6-carbon ring

35
Q

Purines

A

Contain one 6-carbon ring and one 5-carbon ring

36
Q

Structure of DNA?

A

2 strands which wind around one another = double helix

Antiparallel arrangement
Complimentary base pairing between the 2 strands.

37
Q

Structure of RNA?

A

Composed of a single strand
Complimentary base pairing can occur within or between strands.
Base pairing creates specific shapes = specific functions

38
Q

Polypeptide

A

A polymer of amino acids

Biology (4 decks)

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