Biol 105 Exam 3

Question 1

synaptic strengthening

Answer 1

increase in the number of receptors or vesicles full of neurotransmitter, greater size of synapse, along with other structural features are all mechanisms for strengthening a synapse

Question 2

Hebbian Learning

Answer 2

simultaneous activation of cells leads to pronounced increases in synaptic strength between those cells

Question 3

neurons that fire together wire together

one contributes to the firing of the other -> causation

Answer 3

hebbian learning

Question 4

neuronal circuits can change over time

• structural ( size of synapse/number of receptor)
• function strength of signal at the synapse)

Answer 4

hebbian learning concept

Question 5

dendritic spine

Answer 5

a small membranous protrusion from a neurons dendrite that typically receives input from a single synapse of an axon.

Question 6

concept of a dendritic spine

Answer 6

dendritic spine number is increased in autism, decreased after adolescence in schizophrenia and decreased in late adulthood with Alzheimer’s disease

Question 7

adaptation

Answer 7

the reduction in firing of a neuron over time despite a constant input

Question 8

habituation

Answer 8

firing of a neuron decreases over time due to the repetition of an input

Question 9

facilitation

Answer 9

the increase in firing of a neuron over time in response to constant input

Question 10

sensitization

Answer 10

the firing of a neurom increases over time due to the repetition of an input
(opposites of adaptation and habituation respectively)

Question 11

associative learning

Answer 11

when an association between two stimuli or a behavior and a stimulus is learned

Question 12

senile plaque

Answer 12

extracellular deposits of amyloid beta (Ab) peptides in the gray matter of the brain and are the primary marker of Alzheimer’s disease

Question 13

GCaMP

Answer 13

GFP that only glows when Calcium goes into the cell

-marks activity

Question 14

strength of signaling or repeated stimulation leads to

Answer 14

a stronger synapse

Question 15

Which receptor mediates long term changes at the synapse?

Answer 15

NMDA

Question 16

Why do 2 inputs active at the same time strengthen both synapses

Answer 16

synapse 1 causes depolarization briefly throughout the neuron so if synapse 2 is active, the NMDAR is activated and the synapse is strengthened

Question 17

neurofibrillary tangle

Answer 17

intracellular aggregates of hyper phosphorylated tau protein that are most commonly known as a marker of Alzheimer’s Disease.

Question 18

Lewy body

Answer 18

intracellular aggregates of protein notably a-synuclein that occur in Parkinson’s disease and Lewy body dementia

Question 19

Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP)

Answer 19

a membrane protein found mainly in neurons that gives rise to the material in amyloid plaques (Ab)

Question 20

Long Term Depression (LTD)

Answer 20

a persistent weakening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity

Question 21

NMDA Receptor (NMDAR)

Answer 21

a ligand-dependent AND voltage-sensitive ionotropic glutamate receptor

Question 22

NMDA RECEPTOR CONCEPT

Answer 22

resting membrane potential (-70mV), effects that neuronal depolarization (less negative/closer to zero) and hyperpolarization (more negative) have in terms of numerical values. Threshold of -55 mV is usually when action potential is triggered

Question 23

Mcullough Pitts Neuron

Answer 23

inputs nudge neuron towards or away from an action potential

-single input from any one dendrite is enough to trigger AP

Question 24

Deep Brain Stimulation

Answer 24

implantation of a electrode or device to deliver electrical stimulation to a region effectively inactivating the region effectively inactivating the region

Question 25

Where will you search for Parkinson's Disease using Deep Brain Stimulation?

Answer 25

globus palidus and other regions

Question 26

Where would you search for Multiple sclerosis using deep brain stimulation

Answer 26

thalamus

Question 27

Computerized Tomography (CT) scan

Answer 27

uses x-rays from many different angles and a computer to build up an image of the brain or body

Question 28

Hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 28

ruptured blood vessel in the brain

Question 29

Ischemic stroke

Answer 29

blocked blood vessel in the brain

Question 30

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Answer 30

symptoms of a stroke that resolve in 1-24 hours "mini -stroke "

Question 31

FAST

Answer 31

facial drooping, arm weakness, speech difficulties, time

Question 32

penetrating arteriole

Answer 32

blood vessel that branches from a surface artery and projects into the brain - astrocytes make broad contacts with blood vessels

Question 33

concept on glial cells

Answer 33

respond to neurotransmitters too, leading to uptake of oxygen, water and glucose from an arteriole or capillary

Question 34

blood brain barrier

Answer 34

combination of endothelial cells and astrocytes acting as a filter allowing only certain substances as a filter allowing only certain substances to pass from the blood into the brain

Question 35

MRI

Answer 35

massive magnets align water molecules in your body, radio wave pulses used to map structures

Question 36

fMRI

Answer 36

differentiates between oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin

Question 37

Voxel

Answer 37

measure of neuron activity in a region

Question 38

proprioceptive neuron

Answer 38

sensory neurons that measure internal forces such as tension especially in muscles

Question 39

Kinase

Answer 39

enzyme that phosphorylates other proteins switching them on or off

Question 40

long term potential (LTP)

Answer 40

a persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns

Question 41

what allows Ca++ ions into the neuron ONLY if both the glutamate ligand and membrane depolarization are present

Answer 41

NMDAR receptor

Question 42

which ion blocks the channel when NMDA is inactive

Answer 42

Mg++

Question 43

ocular dominance

Answer 43

tendency to prefer visual input from one eye or the other

Question 44

ocular dominance columns

Answer 44

arise as the axons from each eye group together in the visual cortex

Question 45

critical period

Answer 45

brain is highly responsive to inputs, particularly environmental stimulation

Question 46

neural plasticity

Answer 46

changes in neural organization which may account for various forms of behavioral modifiability, either short-lasting or enduring, including, maturation, adaptation to a mutable environment, specific and unspecific kinds of learning, and compensatory adjustments in response to functional losses from aging or brain damage.