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Biology- Intro to Neuroscience > Biol 105 Exam 3 > Flashcards

Biol 105 Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

synaptic strengthening

A

increase in the number of receptors or vesicles full of neurotransmitter, greater size of synapse, along with other structural features are all mechanisms for strengthening a synapse

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2
Q

Hebbian Learning

A

simultaneous activation of cells leads to pronounced increases in synaptic strength between those cells

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3
Q

neurons that fire together wire together

one contributes to the firing of the other -> causation

A

hebbian learning

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4
Q

neuronal circuits can change over time

  • structural ( size of synapse/number of receptor)
  • function strength of signal at the synapse)
A

hebbian learning concept

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5
Q

dendritic spine

A

a small membranous protrusion from a neurons dendrite that typically receives input from a single synapse of an axon.

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6
Q

concept of a dendritic spine

A

dendritic spine number is increased in autism, decreased after adolescence in schizophrenia and decreased in late adulthood with Alzheimer’s disease

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7
Q

adaptation

A

the reduction in firing of a neuron over time despite a constant input

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8
Q

habituation

A

firing of a neuron decreases over time due to the repetition of an input

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9
Q

facilitation

A

the increase in firing of a neuron over time in response to constant input

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10
Q

sensitization

A

the firing of a neurom increases over time due to the repetition of an input
(opposites of adaptation and habituation respectively)

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11
Q

associative learning

A

when an association between two stimuli or a behavior and a stimulus is learned

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12
Q

senile plaque

A

extracellular deposits of amyloid beta (Ab) peptides in the gray matter of the brain and are the primary marker of Alzheimer’s disease

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13
Q

GCaMP

A

GFP that only glows when Calcium goes into the cell

-marks activity

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14
Q

strength of signaling or repeated stimulation leads to

A

a stronger synapse

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15
Q

Which receptor mediates long term changes at the synapse?

A

NMDA

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16
Q

Why do 2 inputs active at the same time strengthen both synapses

A

synapse 1 causes depolarization briefly throughout the neuron so if synapse 2 is active, the NMDAR is activated and the synapse is strengthened

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17
Q

neurofibrillary tangle

A

intracellular aggregates of hyper phosphorylated tau protein that are most commonly known as a marker of Alzheimer’s Disease.

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18
Q

Lewy body

A

intracellular aggregates of protein notably a-synuclein that occur in Parkinson’s disease and Lewy body dementia

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19
Q

Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP)

A

a membrane protein found mainly in neurons that gives rise to the material in amyloid plaques (Ab)

20
Q

Long Term Depression (LTD)

A

a persistent weakening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity

21
Q

NMDA Receptor (NMDAR)

A

a ligand-dependent AND voltage-sensitive ionotropic glutamate receptor

22
Q

NMDA RECEPTOR CONCEPT

A

resting membrane potential (-70mV), effects that neuronal depolarization (less negative/closer to zero) and hyperpolarization (more negative) have in terms of numerical values. Threshold of -55 mV is usually when action potential is triggered

23
Q

Mcullough Pitts Neuron

A

inputs nudge neuron towards or away from an action potential

-single input from any one dendrite is enough to trigger AP

24
Q

Deep Brain Stimulation

A

implantation of a electrode or device to deliver electrical stimulation to a region effectively inactivating the region effectively inactivating the region

25
Q

Where will you search for Parkinson’s Disease using Deep Brain Stimulation?

A

globus palidus and other regions

26
Q

Where would you search for Multiple sclerosis using deep brain stimulation

A

thalamus

27
Q

Computerized Tomography (CT) scan

A

uses x-rays from many different angles and a computer to build up an image of the brain or body

28
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke

A

ruptured blood vessel in the brain

29
Q

Ischemic stroke

A

blocked blood vessel in the brain

30
Q

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

symptoms of a stroke that resolve in 1-24 hours “mini -stroke “

31
Q

FAST

A

facial drooping, arm weakness, speech difficulties, time

32
Q

penetrating arteriole

A

blood vessel that branches from a surface artery and projects into the brain

- astrocytes make broad contacts with blood vessels
33
Q

concept on glial cells

A

respond to neurotransmitters too, leading to uptake of oxygen, water and glucose from an arteriole or capillary

34
Q

blood brain barrier

A

combination of endothelial cells and astrocytes acting as a filter allowing only certain substances as a filter allowing only certain substances to pass from the blood into the brain

35
Q

MRI

A

massive magnets align water molecules in your body, radio wave pulses used to map structures

36
Q

fMRI

A

differentiates between oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin

37
Q

Voxel

A

measure of neuron activity in a region

38
Q

proprioceptive neuron

A

sensory neurons that measure internal forces such as tension especially in muscles

39
Q

Kinase

A

enzyme that phosphorylates other proteins switching them on or off

40
Q

long term potential (LTP)

A

a persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns

41
Q

what allows Ca++ ions into the neuron ONLY if both the glutamate ligand and membrane depolarization are present

A

NMDAR receptor

42
Q

which ion blocks the channel when NMDA is inactive

A

Mg++

43
Q

ocular dominance

A

tendency to prefer visual input from one eye or the other

44
Q

ocular dominance columns

A

arise as the axons from each eye group together in the visual cortex

45
Q

critical period

A

brain is highly responsive to inputs, particularly environmental stimulation

46
Q

neural plasticity

A

changes in neural organization which may account for various forms of behavioral modifiability, either short-lasting or enduring, including, maturation, adaptation to a mutable environment, specific and unspecific kinds of learning, and compensatory adjustments in response to functional losses from aging or brain damage.

Biology- Intro to Neuroscience (7 decks)

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