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Biology- Intro to Neuroscience > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

subcortical brain structures that are crucial and planning, organizing and executing movement. Addiction functions with frontal lobes.

A

Basal Ganglia

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2
Q

anterior end of the brainstem

A

Midbrain

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3
Q

neocortical regions not involved in primary sensory or motor processing.

Carries out tasks not associated with a single sense.

A

Association Cortex

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4
Q

Cortical and Subcortical structures concerned with emotions and memory.

A

Limbic System

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5
Q

a nucleus in the basal ganglia involved in initiating voluntary movement.

A

substantia nigra

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6
Q

major part of the limbic system that monitors process towards goals

A

Cingulate gyrus

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7
Q

the cerebellum, the pons and the medulla

A

the Hind Brain “Reptile Brain”

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8
Q

The brainstem, the medulla and the pons

A

Brainstem

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9
Q

fissure that separates the frontal and parietal lobes

A

central sulcus

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10
Q

the region of the neocortex concerned with the processing of sensory information.

A

somatic sensory cortex

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11
Q

the electrical signal conducted along axons (or muscle fibers) by which info is conveyed from one place to another in the nervous system.

A

action potential

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12
Q

the visual phenomenon where an individual has the ability to depict visual info although they are not entirely conscious of the experience.

A

blindsight

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13
Q

“memory, listening”

  • includes the hippocampus, critical in forming long term memories.
  • primary auditory perception/processing (hearing)
  • visual memories
A

temporal lobe

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14
Q

ridges of the brain

A

gyrus

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15
Q

part of the temporal lobe involved in consolidation of short term memories into long term memories (cortex)

A

hippocampus

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16
Q

a nuclear complex in the temporal lobe whose major functions concern autonomic, emotional and sexual behavior. Most often connected with the major emotions such as fear and avoiding situations that induce fear.

A

amygdala

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17
Q

“sensory information”

-includes somatosensory cortex

A

parietal lobe

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18
Q

“vision”

  • processes visual input
  • size indicates importance of vision to humans
A

occipital lobe

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19
Q

the portion of the CNS that extends from the lower end of the brain stem

A

spinal cord

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20
Q 
relay station (like thalamus)
initiates dreams
A

pons

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21
Q

controls involuntary functions such as breathing

A

medulla

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22
Q

regulates motor coordination, posture and balance

A

cerebellum

23
Q

200+ million axons that connect the two hemispheres of the brain

A

corpus collosum

24
Q

dividing brain theories into evolutionary age

  • lizard brain: brainstem, cerebellum (fight or flight)
  • mammalian brain: limbic system (emotions, memories, habits)
  • human brain: neocortex (language, abstract thought, imagination, consciousness.)
A

Triune Brain Theory

25
Q

pseudoscience primarily focused on measurements of the skull.

A

phrenology

26
Q

frontal lobe are specialized in the production of language

A

Broca’s Area

27
Q

temporal lobe area that mediates language comprehension.

A

Wernicke’s Area

28
Q

physical representation of the body located within the brain.

A

homunculus

29
Q

grooves of the brain

A

sulcus

30
Q

“Executive Function”

  • all of the neocortex from the front to the central sulcus
  • planning, emotional expression, problem solving, memory
  • includes primary motor cortex
A

frontal lobe

31
Q

a group of neurons with similar properties that represent a functional unit within the neocortex. Basic unit of the neocortex repeated many times.

A

neocortical or minicolumn

32
Q

spherical, membrane- bound organelles in presynaptic terminals that store neurotransmitters

A

synaptic vesicle

33
Q

a molecule specialized to bind any one of a large number of chemical signals, preeminently neurotransmitters

A

receptor

34
Q

referring to the component of a synapse specialize for a transmitter release. UPSTREAM of a synapse

A

presynaptic

35
Q

referring to the component of a synapse specialized for a transmitter release. DOWNSTREAM of a synapse.

A

post synaptic

36
Q

nerve cells within the nervous system responsible for converting external stimuli from the organism’s environment into internal electrical impulses

A

sensory neuron

37
Q

a nerve cell forming part of a pathway along which impulses pass from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or gland

A

motor neuron

38
Q

specialized opposition between a neuron and its target cell for transmission of info by release and reception of a chemical transmitter agent

A

synapse

39
Q

describes pat of the CNS that are rich in cell bodies

A

gray matter

40
Q

parts of the CNS that are rich in axons. (rich in lipids)

A

white matter

41
Q

wrapping around a n axon that provides electrical instulation
-formed by glia cells: Oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells

A

Myelin

42
Q

specialized end of a growing axon (or dendrite) that generates the motive force for elongation

A

growth cone

43
Q

a neuronal process arising from the cell body that receives synaptic input

A

dendrite

44
Q

the neuronal process that carries the action potential from the nerve cell body to a target

A

axon

45
Q

a functional entity consisting of interconnected neurons that is able to regulate its own activity

A

neural circuits

46
Q

process in which a substance is released by synaptic terminals for the purpose of transmitting info from one nerve cell to another

A

neurotransmission

47
Q

cells specialized in the conduction and transmission of electrical signals in the nervous system.

A

neurons

48
Q

synapse that decreases the likelihood of the downstream neuron sending an action potential

A

inhibitory synapse

49
Q

the axis of symmetry of a bilaterally symmetric organism

A

midline

50
Q

the synapse made by a motor neuron on a skeletal muscle fiber

A

neuromuscular junction

51
Q

a synapse that increases the likelihood of the downstream neuron sending signal (action potential)

A

excitatory synapse

52
Q

extracts and processes info from input neurons

A

computation neuron

53
Q

transmit signals between brain areas

A

communication neuron

54
Q

a neuron that innervates other neurons

-technically links a primary sensory neuron to a primary effector neuron (reflex arc)

A

Interneurons

Biology- Intro to Neuroscience (7 decks)

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