Biogenic Amines

Question 1

Creatine

Answer 1

From Arginine and is a reservoir of energy to maintain ATP support for large muscle groups. Accepts Phosphate from ATP via creatine kinase making creatine phosphate
(G=10kcal/mol)

Question 2

Creatine Synth

Answer 2

Glycine to GuanidineAcetate via Arginine in kidney
GuanidineAcetate to Creatine via SAM in liver
Moves to large muscle groups

Question 3

Creatine Degrade

Answer 3

Spont cyclization of C-P to Creatinine (no enzyme)

Urinary Creatinine is a measure of kidney malfunction and index of N balance

Question 4

NO

Answer 4

From Arginine
Dilates vascular smooth muscle
Block platelet aggregation
Neurotrans
Bacteriocidal Inflamm response

Question 5

NO synth

Answer 5

Rxn of Arg to Citrulline
Via nitric oxide synthase
Rqrs: FMN, FAD, heme, NADPH, BH4
Electron from is from NADPH to FAD to FMN to Heme to Oxygen

Question 6

GABA

Answer 6

From glutamate; is an inhib neurotransmitter

Rqrs PLP and releases CO2

Question 7

Histamine

Answer 7

Active in mast cells. Decarb of histidine (rqrs PLP and - CO2)
Inactivation via Deamination; methylation (SAM) and deamination by MAO (in brain)

Question 8

Histamine pathway draw

Answer 8

On paper

Question 9

Serotonin

Answer 9

From tryptophan and mods physio functions
Try to 5-hydroxytryptophan (Tryptophan hydroxylase; rqrs BH4 and O2) to Serotonin (DOPA decarboxylase; rqrs PLP and loses CO2)

Question 10

Melatonin

Answer 10

From Serotonin: produced by pineal, lymphocytes, BM; activated by darkness and is a strong antioxidant
Serotonin to N-acetyl Serotonin (via Acetyl CoA) to Melatonin (via SAM)

Question 11

Catecholamines

Answer 11

From Tyrosine = NE and Epi from Dopamine

Question 12

Catecholamine Synth

Answer 12

2 tyrosines to DOPA (Via Tyrosine hydroxylase; rqrs BH4) to Dopamine (DOPA decarboxylase; rqrs PLP loses CO2) to NE (via Dopamine beta-hydroxylase; rqrs O2, Vit C, Ca) to Epi (via phenylenthanol amine transferase; rqrs SAM)

Question 13

Catecholamine Degradation

Answer 13

Via MAO (cleans excess NT's, releases NH4) and CAMT (catechol-o-methyl transferase; rqrs SAM) and and oxidation
Final product is VMA

Question 14

Parkinsons

Answer 14

early degrade of dopamine CNS cells leading to bradykinesia

Question 15

Thyroid hormones

Answer 15

From tyrosine; ctrld via TSH, I transport via Na/I pump

Question 16

TH syth

Answer 16

Tgb to Tgb w/DIT (requires Hydrogen peroxide and I) to Tgb with T4 (coupling) to T3 and T4 (lysosomal)

Question 17

Melanin

Answer 17

From Tyrosine
Pheomelanin - pink/red = light skin and red hair and is carcinogenic with UV
Eumelanin - brown/black and activated by UVB, primary function is to dissipate UVB
Neuromelanin - Brain and S. Nigra with possible anti-ROS activity

Question 18

Melanin Synth

Answer 18

2 tyrosine to DOPA (via tyrosine hydroxylase and is Ca dependent) to Melanin. All in melanocytes

Rqrs Tyrosine and Cysteine
1st rxn = Tyrosine (UVB induced) to Dopa to dopaquinone
2nd rxn = dopaquinone and cysteine to pheomelanin to eumelanin