BIOETHICS [DECK 1] Flashcards
In 2002, - became the first modern industrialized nation to fully sanction Physician Assisted suicide.
Netherlands
In the - does not allow active- assited suicide- where the physician prescribes and administers the lethal dose.
U.S Germany
- also allows physician assisted suicide but has much less restrictive laws as it allows the process as long as there are no “self- seeking motives”
Switzerland
In 2002, - became the 2nd Western nation to legalized physician assisted suicide.
Belgium
occurs when someone other than the patient administers medication in any form with the intention of hastening the patient’s death
Euthanasia
- Law permits an adult patient with a terminal illness and the capacity for medical decision-making to self-administer oral or enteral medication when certain criteria are met.
Medical aid in dying
“It is the shared responsibility of professional nursing organizations to speak for nurses collectively in
shaping health care.”… hence it supports recommendations that nurses:
American Nurses Association (ANA)
- Is a legal document in which a person specifies what actions should be taken for their health if they are no longer able to make decisions for themselves because of illness or incapacity.
Advance directives
written, legally-recognized documents that state your
choices about health- care treatment or name someone to make such choices
for you if you are not able to do so (Reyes, 2010).
Advance directives
a federal law regarding advanced directives. The purpose of this to make people aware of their rights.
(PSDA) Patient Self- Determination Act.
evaluates and accredits
20,500 healthcare organizations, has developed standards for the documentation of patient’s wishes regarding advanced directives, which apply to the vast
majority of health care institutions.
The Joint Commission
- Appointment of health care proxy
- Make decision and guide doctors about life sustaining procedures in the
event of terminal condition, persistent vegetative state and end stage condition i.e DNR, Pain management, Organ Donation, Euthanasia.
Advance Directive
Advance Directive forms
Living Will, Health Care Proxy
Prevents unnecessary prolonged painful hospitalization
Prevents unnecessary prolonged comatose or vegetative state
Prevents burden of rising medical costs
Releases responsibility of loved ones from difficult decisions
Advance Directives
a discrepancy between the current situation and a desired state. Before you can begin to solve it, you must be able to identify and categorize it
Problem
occurs when we sense that there is a moral problem, but are not sure of the morally correct
action
Moral Uncertainty
a problem that requires a choice between two options that are equally unfavorable and mutually
exclusive
Moral/ethical dilemma
As nurses we commonly use the - model for decision making. Utilizing logical thinking and intuitive knowing, the - is a deliberate activity that provides a systematic method for nursing practice
nursing process
binds all of a person’s moral virtues into a coherent package—it creates a wholeness and stability of character that leads to trustworthiness
Moral integrity
- they hear what patients say and understand the meaning
Sensitivity, compassion, and caring
- has a sense of duty to the patient, an obligation to do whatever is necessary, within reason, to care for the patient or solve a problem
Responsibility
- suggests that a person has self-confidence that he or she can
effect change
Empowerment
Nuremberg Code of 1947
- formulated 50 years ago, in August 1947, in Nuremberg, Germany, by American judges sitting in judgment of Nazi doctors accused of conducting murderous and torturous human experiments in the concentration camps (the so-called Doctors’ Trial)
ØEthical principles for human experimentation
ØFocus on human rights and welfare
Nuremberg Code of 1947
ØStatement of ethical principles for medical research involving human participants, including identifiable human material and data; doctors doing
medical research on patients
Declaration of Helsinki
ØIn 1964, the - adopted the Helsinki Declaration as a response to concerns regarding research on patient populations.
World Medical Association
Designed with a focus on clinical research.
Declaration of Helsinki
Broader in scope, involving any and all experimentation involving human subjects.
The Nuremberg Code
ØOne of the leading works concerning ethics and health care research.
Belmont Report 1976
Belmont Report 1976 research studies.
ØIt consists of 3 principles:
beneficence, justice, and respect
ØA report created by the National Commission for the Protection of
Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research
Belmont Report 1976
ØIt summarizes ethical principles and guidelines for research involving human
subjects
Belmont Report 1976
The - was written in response to the infamous
Tuskegee Syphilis Study, in which African Americans with
syphilis were lied to and denied treatment for more than 40 years. Many people died as a result, infected others with the disease, and
passed congenital syphilis onto their children.
Belmont Report
brought forth the creation of the National Human Investigation Board, as well as the request for the creation of institutional review boards (IRBs).
Belmont Report
protecting the autonomy of all people and treating them with courtesy and respect and allowing for informed consent.
Respect for persons
the philosophy of “Do no harm”
while maximizing benefits for the research project
Beneficence
ensuring reasonable, non-exploitative, and well-considered
procedures are administered fairly
Justice
is a systematic inter connecting scientifically generated evidence with the tacit knowledge of the expert practitioner
ØEvidence-based practice
In everything,
“Do unto others as you would have them do unto you”
Luke 6:31 and Matthew 7:12
Golden Rule
The whole is greater than its parts
The Principle of Totality
