bioenergetics - respiration and photosynthesis Flashcards
word equation for photosynthesis
carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen
balanced equation for photosynthesis
6 CO2 + 6 H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
where does the energy for photosynthesis come from?
light
what factors affect rate of photosynthesis? (4)
- temp
- CO2 concentration
- light intensity
- chlorophyll
why will a rate of photosynthesis - light intensity graph level off?
other limiting factor that is not light (temp or CO2 concentration are now the limiting factor)
why will a rate of photosynthesis -
CO2 concentration graph level off?
other limiting factor that is not CO2 concentration (temp or light intensity are now the limiting factor)
why will a rate of photosynthesis -
temp graph go up then down instead of levelling off?
enxymes needed for photosynthesis denature
equation for light intensity =
light intensity ∝ 1/ distance²
what is a limiting factor?
environmental condition that restricts (limits) the rate of photosytheis?
how can you increase food production in a greenhouse (8) ?
- watering systems (regular supply of water)
-
hydroponics (controlled watering system, roots are grown in rock wool and mineral rich water)
3.shading (controls light intensity and temp) -
biological control (can use living organism to control pests
5.humidifiers (reduces transpiration and need for watering) - parfin heaters (release CO2, control temp and humidity)
- ventillation (control temp and humidity)
- greenhouse itself (traps heat from sun, lets light through)
what are the 5 uses of glucose in plants?
Respiration (energy)
Starch (storage)
Protien (amino acids )
Cellulose cell walls
Fats and lipids (storage)
what are nitrate ions used for in plants?
combines with glucose to make amino acids which are then synthesized to become protiens
where does aerobic respiration take place?
mitochondria
where does anaerobic respiration take place?
cytoplasm
what is aerobic respiration?
complete oxidation/ break down of glucose in the presence of oxygen
what is anearobic respiration?
incomplete oxidation/ break down of glucose in the absence of oxygen
what is respiration?
a chemical reaction performed in all living cells taking place all the time, process of transferring energy from glucose to supply energy needed for all living processes
how much energy is release relatively for anerobic and aerobic respiration?
aerobic - 1 (lots of energy)
anaerobic - 1/17 (little energy)
what is the equation for anerobic respiration in animals?
glucose -> lactic acid (+ energy)
what is the equation for fermentation?
glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide
(+ energy)
what is fermentation?
anaerobic respiration in micro-organisms eg yeast
what are exothermic reactions + eg?
reactions which transfer energy to the environment eg respiration
what do organisms need energy for?
- to build up larger molecules from smaller ones eg synthesizing protiens from amino acids
- allow the muscles to contract (movement)
- mammals and birds > keep body temp constant in colder environments
word equation for aerobic respiration
glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide and water (+ energy)
balanced symbol equation for aerobic respiration
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O
balaced symbol equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast and plant cells
C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2
what can fermentation be used for?
making of beer and bread due to CO2 produced (makes it bubbly/rise) and ethanol (makes it alcoholic)
effect of sport on heart rate and why (link to respiration)
increases > more oxygenated blood and glucose to respiring muscle cells > more respiration > more energy released for more muscle contractions
effect of sport on breath rate and volume and why (link to respiration)
increases > more air into lungs > increase rate of oxygen into blood > more respiration > more energy released for more muscle contractions
effect of sport on blood glucose level and why (link to respiration)
increases > increased supply of respiratory substrate > more respiration > more energy released for more muscle contractions
what is an oxygen debt?
the extra amount of oxygen needed to break down lactic acid
how does an oxygen debt and muscle fatigue happen (10 steps) ?
- vigorous excercise
- heart and lungs can’t supply oxygen fast enough to satisfy demand
- aerobic respiration will provide less and less energy
- anaerobic respiration begins to provide energy
- glucose is broken down into lactic acid
- lactic acid accumulates in the muscle, causing fatigue
- forced to stop excercise
- lactic acid is transported from muscles to liver
- in liver, lactic acid is oxidized into CO2 and H2O
- oxygen debt is repayed
define metabolism
all the chemical reactions in a cell or body
what is energy transferred by respiration in cells used for?
the continual enzyme processes of metabolism that synthesize new molecules
what are the 2 types of metabolic reactions?
anabolic - building up eg protien synthesis
catabolic - breaking down eg respiration
state 5 metabollic processes
- glucose joined togetehr to form starch, cellulose and glycogen
- lipid molecules from glycerol and fatty acids
- glucos combined with nitrate ions to make protiens
- glucose broken down in respiration
- excess protien broken down to produce urea
