Bioenergetics (pdbio exam 3) Flashcards
What is energy?
the ability to promote change or do work
What are the two forms of energy? Describe them
Kinetic energy - associated with movement
Potential energy - due to structure or location
What is chemical energy?
The energy in molecular bonds, it is a form of potential energy
How does breaking down internal energy stores from chemical bonds generate energy?
Flow of Electrons
Flow of electrons =
Power!
What is a redox reaction
when an electron is removed from one molecule and is added to another
Oxidation is when…
a molecule loses an electron
Reduction is when…
a molecule gains an electron
Energy lost/gained during oxidation?
lost
Energy lost/gained during reduction?
gained
What is the ultimate oxidizing agent?
Oxygen
ATP is oxidized into _____ as it is used
oxidized, ATP > ADP + energy
The oxidation of what generates ATP?
The oxidation of sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids generates ATP
Every time a molecule gets oxidized, …
another must be reduced!
What are the intermediates called that carry electrons between reactions to other molecules?
electron carriers
Some examples of electron carriers?
NADH, NADPH, and FADH2
An elements atomic # represents what?
Its # of protons
What occurs during all chemical reactions?
Chemical bonds are broken or formed
When water ionizes, it produces what ions?
H+ and OH-
pH is defined as the negative logarithm to the base 10 of the ______ ion concentration.
hydrogen
Living organisms minimize changes in their internal pH using compounds called…
buffers
The hydrogen bonds between water molecules form between …
an oxygen atom on one water molecule and a hydrogen atom on a second water molecule
What are some common features of chemical reactions? (4)
Many chemical reactions that occur in cells require catalysts, chemical reactions proceed toward equilibrium, chemical reactions cease when they reach equilibrium, chemical reactions require a source of energy.
Chloroplasts take CO2 and make _____ using the energy of the sun.
glucose
Mitochondria metabolize glucose to isolate the energy required to produce the majority of the ____ produced by cells.
ATP
The vast majority of ATP produced by cellular respiration is produced by processes that take place in the …
mitochondria.
A result of _____ gradients are produced by active transport when electrons are transferred between protein complexes and embedded in the ETC.
H+ gradients
The primary electron carrier in cellular respiration is _____.
NADH
Process by which CO2 is made into glucose using the power of sunlight
Photosynthesis
What are the two sets of reactions that occur in photosynthesis? Describe them.
Light-dependent reactions: create chemical energy and in the process make oxygen gas from water
Light-independent reactions: take the chemical energy produced by the light-dependent reactions and use it to make glucose from CO2
Each stage of cellular respiration produces ATP, but the _____ produces more than the others.
ETC
If oxygen isn’t present, the process won’t proceed beyond _____. Instead, the products of glycolysis will go through _____ and be stored until oxygen’s available. When oxygen is available, glycolysis and the ______ will not only produce ATP, but will also churn out a great deal of electron carriers _____ and _____ which processes to the _____ and are used to create a _____. Protons then travel through ______.
glycolysis fermentation Kreb's cycle NADH & FADH2 ETC proton (or hydrogen ion) gradient ATP synthase
