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Hist 202 > Bioenergetics (pdbio exam 3) > Flashcards

Bioenergetics (pdbio exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What is energy?

A

the ability to promote change or do work

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2
Q

What are the two forms of energy? Describe them

A

Kinetic energy - associated with movement

Potential energy - due to structure or location

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3
Q

What is chemical energy?

A

The energy in molecular bonds, it is a form of potential energy

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4
Q

How does breaking down internal energy stores from chemical bonds generate energy?

A

Flow of Electrons

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5
Q

Flow of electrons =

A

Power!

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6
Q

What is a redox reaction

A

when an electron is removed from one molecule and is added to another

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7
Q

Oxidation is when…

A

a molecule loses an electron

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8
Q

Reduction is when…

A

a molecule gains an electron

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9
Q

Energy lost/gained during oxidation?

A

lost

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10
Q

Energy lost/gained during reduction?

A

gained

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11
Q

What is the ultimate oxidizing agent?

A

Oxygen

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12
Q

ATP is oxidized into _____ as it is used

A

oxidized, ATP > ADP + energy

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13
Q

The oxidation of what generates ATP?

A

The oxidation of sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids generates ATP

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14
Q

Every time a molecule gets oxidized, …

A

another must be reduced!

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15
Q

What are the intermediates called that carry electrons between reactions to other molecules?

A

electron carriers

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16
Q

Some examples of electron carriers?

A

NADH, NADPH, and FADH2

17
Q

An elements atomic # represents what?

A

Its # of protons

18
Q

What occurs during all chemical reactions?

A

Chemical bonds are broken or formed

19
Q

When water ionizes, it produces what ions?

A

H+ and OH-

20
Q

pH is defined as the negative logarithm to the base 10 of the ______ ion concentration.

A

hydrogen

21
Q

Living organisms minimize changes in their internal pH using compounds called…

A

buffers

22
Q

The hydrogen bonds between water molecules form between …

A

an oxygen atom on one water molecule and a hydrogen atom on a second water molecule

23
Q

What are some common features of chemical reactions? (4)

A

Many chemical reactions that occur in cells require catalysts, chemical reactions proceed toward equilibrium, chemical reactions cease when they reach equilibrium, chemical reactions require a source of energy.

24
Q

Chloroplasts take CO2 and make _____ using the energy of the sun.

A

glucose

25
Q

Mitochondria metabolize glucose to isolate the energy required to produce the majority of the ____ produced by cells.

A

ATP

26
Q

The vast majority of ATP produced by cellular respiration is produced by processes that take place in the …

A

mitochondria.

27
Q

A result of _____ gradients are produced by active transport when electrons are transferred between protein complexes and embedded in the ETC.

A

H+ gradients

28
Q

The primary electron carrier in cellular respiration is _____.

A

NADH

29
Q

Process by which CO2 is made into glucose using the power of sunlight

A

Photosynthesis

30
Q

What are the two sets of reactions that occur in photosynthesis? Describe them.

A

Light-dependent reactions: create chemical energy and in the process make oxygen gas from water

Light-independent reactions: take the chemical energy produced by the light-dependent reactions and use it to make glucose from CO2

31
Q

Each stage of cellular respiration produces ATP, but the _____ produces more than the others.

A

ETC

32
Q

If oxygen isn’t present, the process won’t proceed beyond _____. Instead, the products of glycolysis will go through _____ and be stored until oxygen’s available. When oxygen is available, glycolysis and the ______ will not only produce ATP, but will also churn out a great deal of electron carriers _____ and _____ which processes to the _____ and are used to create a _____. Protons then travel through ______.

A 
glycolysis
fermentation
Kreb's cycle
NADH & FADH2
ETC
proton (or hydrogen ion) gradient
ATP synthase

Hist 202 (11 decks)

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