Bioenergetics And Enviroment

Question 1

Bioenergetics (Energy Flow and Expenditure)

Answer 1

Bioenergetics is the quantities study of energy partitioning induced by the metabolic processes that occur in organisms for them to stay alive, grow and reproduce
It includes events taking place at the molecular and cellular level, as well as that can be in the whole organism

It’s all about efficiency:
Ratio or % of output to input
Actual vs. Potential
Energy usage

Question 2

Output

Answer 2

Body weight gain or milk or some other measure of production

Question 3

Input

Answer 3

Feed

Question 4

Feed efficiency

Answer 4

Output ➗ input

Question 5

Feed conversion ratio

Answer 5

Input ➗ output

Question 6

Why are ruminants so feed inefficient?

Answer 6

1) diets are much higher in fiber
2) dependent upon rumen microorganisms for fermentation (for digestion)
3) higher maintenance (mone than 50% of their feed intake)
4) large animals have a higher maintenance costs

Question 7

principle of the conservation of matter

Answer 7

Feed=energy

Question 8

First law of thermodynamics

Answer 8

Energy cannot be created or destroyed; the total quantity of energy in the universe stays the same

Question 9

Second law of thermodynamics

Answer 9

Energy is transferred or transformed, more and more of it is wasted

Question 10

How many ways an animal use energy?

Answer 10

1) Homeostasis
2) movement
3) digestion
4) reproduction
5) repair of tissues

Question 11

How to increase return per animal without increasing cost per animal?

Answer 11

• Increase number of offspring/breeding animal
• reduce feed energy to reduce lipid deposition
  -Reduce days to slaughter through increased feed utilization and increased growth rate
• reduce Heat production associated with maintenance
• reduce or increase slaughter weight

Question 12

Why is efficient important?

Answer 12

• Decreasing acres for crop production
• increasing world population,
• increase utilization of food for fuel
• increasing feed cost
• other inputs increasing in cost

Question 13

Understanding the components of feed efficiency

Answer 13

More efficient cattle may have:
• improved digestion
• improve metabolism of nutrients
• may utilize absorbed nutrients more efficiently
• less maintenance cost

Question 14

Methane facts

Answer 14

• Livestock are responsible for 14-22% of total world gas emissions
• second most important greenhouse gas
• atmosphere warming activity 25x higher than CO2
• digestive tract of the ruminant is the Main source of methane

Question 15

Can CH4 emissions from cattle be reduced?

Answer 15

1) diet manipulation to combat CH4 emission
2) genetics
3) residual feed intake

Question 16

Bergmann’s rule

Answer 16

Warm-blooded animals in cold climates larger then those in warm climates → large bodies have a smaller surface area to volume ratios

Question 17

Allen’s rule

Answer 17

Body form or shape is linear in warm climates and more rounded and compact in cold climates. Tendency for appendages such as ears and limbs to be smaller incold climates. Round forms have a smaller surface area to volume rations