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GCSE BIO > Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Bioenergetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

Process by which plants use light energy to create their own food, in the form of glucose, from carbon dioxide and water.

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2
Q

Word equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + water –> light —-> glucose +oxygen

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3
Q

Chemical equation photosynthesis

A

6CO2 +6H2O –> light–> C6H12O6 +6O2

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4
Q

Photosynthesis is what type of reaction

A

Endothermic reaction because energy is transferred to the chloroplast from the environemnt (light)

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5
Q

What are the limting factors of photosynthesis

A

Light- Light is a limitng factor at night as it is required for photosynthesis

Temperature- Winter is colder so temp becomes a limting factor photosynthesis is slower

Co2 conc- on warm days light and temp are high so carbon dioxide concentraion becomes a limited factor

Chlorophyll- diseases such as TMV may effect the green pigmentation of leaves msking chlorophyll s limiting factor

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6
Q

How do people create an ideal environement for plant growth

A

Heat:

Greenhouse can be made with glass structureswhich traps heat from the sun

Windows provide for ventilation if its too hot

Heaters can be used to keep the inside warmer

Light:

Glass panes allow loght to enter

Artificial lamps can be used to enable plants to continue photosynthesising when there is no natural light

Carbon dioxide concentration:

Paraffin heaters can be used to increase the temperature and amount of carbon dioxide

Other:

Prevents disease as plants are controlled

Water and fertiliser can be controlled easily for growth

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7
Q

Why do farmers create an ideal environemnt for plants

A

Crops are grown stronger and faster to increase crop yield and size to make profit

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8
Q

What is temperatures effect on photosynthesis

A

Increasing the temp will increase rate of photosynthesis until a certain point because the enzymes will have more kinetic energy and are more likely to collide with the substrate

Temperature only becomes a limited factor after its optimum temperature as the enzymes begin to denature and can’t form enzyme-substrate complexes

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9
Q

What is light intensities effect on photosynthesis

A

If light intensity is too low , it becomes a limiting factor. Increasing the light intesnity will increase rate of photosynthesis until another factor is limited

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10
Q

Carbon dioxides effect on photosynthesis

A

If carbon dixoide concentration is too low, it becomes a limited factoe. To increase rate of photosythesis , carbon dioxide must be imcreased

Increasing carbon dioxide will not inctprease rate of photosynthesis until a cetain point

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11
Q

Required practical

Investigating the effect of light intensity on rate of photosynthesis.

A

Doing the experiment:

1) place a piece of freshly cut pondweed in a boiking tube filled with sodium hydrogen catbonate solution

2) place the boiling tube 10cm away from a lamp

3) switch the light on and leave it for 5min for the pondweed to acclimatise

4) start the stopwatch and record the number of bubbles produced in 1 minute

5) Repeat the count twice at the same distance in order to calculate the mean number of bubbles per minute

6)Repeat at different distances

Control:

Ensure same tenperature by using a LED bulb
Putting a glass tank full of water between the lamp and plant

Ensure same carbon dioxide concentration by using same concentration of sodium hydrogen carbonate solutiom

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12
Q

Calcuate light density

A

1
Light density= ———
Distance^2

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13
Q

What is respiration

A

Respiration is a chemical reaction which takes place in all livings cells and releases energy from glucose.

It is an exothermic reaction (releases energy)

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14
Q

Why is energy required for organisms

A

To build large molecules from smaller ones e.g proteins from amino acids, starcg and cellulose from glucose

Contraction of muscles

Maintainence of body temp (homeostasis)

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15
Q

What is aerboic respiration

A

When cells recieve sufficient oxygen, they will respire aerobically

Glucose and oxygen are converted into carbon dioxide and water which release energy

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16
Q

Word equation for aerboic repsiration

A

Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water (+energy)

17
Q

Chemcial equation for aerboic respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O (+ energy)

18
Q

What is anaerobic respiration

A

Cells do not recieve enough oxygen, they respire anaerobicallly (without oxygen)

19
Q

Equation of glucose

A

Glucose —> lactic acid (+ energy)

20
Q

Why is lactic acid produced

A

Occurs in muscles cells during vigorous exercise as the body cannot supply them with enough oxygen

21
Q

How is glucose broken down in pkants

A

Glucose —> ethanol + carbon dioxide ( + energy)

22
Q

Why is fermentation important and what is it

A

Anaerobic respiration in yeats cells is called fermentation

It is important as:

Ethanol produced from fermentation is a type of alcohol used to make alcoholic drinks

Carbon dioixde produced from fermentation is used to make bread rise

23
Q

What happens in our body during exercise

A

Body has to increase demand for oxygen. Cells start to respire anaerboically causing lactic acid to build up and disrupt muscle rucntion creating oxygen debt

24
Q

How does the body increase demand for energy (aerobic respiration)

A

During muscles cell contract to create movementand muscles require energy and respire to contract

Body supply respiring cells with more oxygen for the increased respiration and remove carbon dioxide

It does this by:

Increasing blood flow around the bidy
Increasing breathing rate (gas exchange) in lungs
Increase breath volume (gas exchange) in lungs

25
Q

How does the body exercise using anaerobic respiration

A

Anaerobic respiration happens in the absence of oxygen (incomplete oxidation of glucose) producing lactic acid

Lactic acid build up causes muscles to contract less efficiently (fatigued)

Oxygen debt created by lactic acid. Amount of oxygen the body needs after exercise to oxidise lactic acid into carbon dioxide and water to remove it

To remove oxygen debt, the bodies heart and breathing rate stays high even after exercise

26
Q

How does lactic acid travel

A

Transported to the liver via thr blood, where it is converted into glucose and stored as glycogen

27
Q

How is breathing rate calculated

A

Breaths taken in a given time period

28
Q

How is heart rate calcuated

A

Number of pulses in a given time period

29
Q

What is metabolism

A

All chemical reactions that happen within a cell or organisn

30
Q

Examples of metabolic reactions
(Small moleucles creting large molecules)

A

Glucose and nitrate ions react to make amino acids, to form proteins

Glucose moelcules join together to make starch, cellulose or glycogen

Fatty acids and glycerol molecules react to form lipids

31
Q

Examples of metabolic reactions
(Large molcules breaking into smaller molecules)

A

Glucose is broken down to release energy in respiration
Excess protein is broken down to produce urea, excreted in the urine

32
Q

Reactions that occur in plants

A

Respiration- producing energy from the break down of glucose

Glucose created through photosynthesis

Glucose stored as lipids or starch

Glucose converted to make cellulose

Glucose can react with nitrates from the soil to form amino acids to make proteins

33
Q

Reactions within animals

A

Break down large molecules into smaller mocleules:

Starch-> glucose
Proteins-> amino acids
Lipids-> glyercol

Glucose is used for respiration or stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles

Amino acids are used to make new proteins or converted into urea in the liver

Fatty acids and glyercol are converted into lipids to create cell membranes

Insufficient glucose for respiration, body breaks stored glycogen to supply more glucose.

Insufficient glycogen, it will break down fat stores and then proteins to creat energy for respiration

GCSE BIO (7 decks)

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