Biodiversity Threats in General Flashcards
Keystone species was introduced by ____
Two basic criteria of Keystone species as proposed by ____
- The presence of Keystone species is cricual in maintaining the ____ and ___ of their ecological communities
- These species are ____ relative to the rest of the community, in their importance
Robert T. Paine
Mills
Organization
Diversity
Exceptional
Examples of keystone species
- ____ Regulates the ____ density which feed over kelps, the giant algae
- ____ Exclusion increases the number of arthropods which are harmful to agriculture
- ____ are pollinators
- ____ proposed the ___, ___, and ____ are keystone resources because of their etreme significance for fruit and nectar eating species of tropical forest like the ___, ____, ___, and many birds
Enhydra lutris (sea otters)
Strongylocentrotus spp. (sea urchins)
Solenopsis geminate (Fire ants)
Hummingbird
Terborgh
palm nuts, figs and nectars
primates, squirrels, rodents,
Examples of keystone species
- ____ make dams which can change ____ and ____ factors of the region to alter the productivity
- ____ make bulky, rich and distinctively designed mounds which has a wide range of obligate users
- _____ grazing prevents the transition from ____ dominated community to a large, fleshy algae dominated one
- _____ maintain mountain meadow communities
Caster canadensis (North American beavers)
hydrological and biogeochemical factors
Cornitermes cumulan (Brazilian termites)
Sea urchins
Encrusting algae
Thomomys bottae (Pocket gophers)
Threats to Biodiversity (3)
Escalating Extinction Rate
Irreversible Loss
Climate Change as a Threat
Common groups that assess threats to biodiversity (3)
Millenium Ecosystem Assessment
United Nations Environmental Programme
International Union for Conservation of Nature
____ Introduced a threat classification system to standardize terminology for threats to biodiversity, making it easier to compare and generalize data across ecosystems. It includes threats from alien species, genetic material, and interactions among native species
This distinguishes between ____ such as geological events, climate changes, severe weather, and direct threats to biodiversity
IUCN
Internation Union for Conservation of Nature
Abiotic threats
____ proposed a classification of stresses that contribute to biodiversity loss
defining stresses as degraded conditions resulting from direct threats
____ Biodiversity faces severe threats from a combination of anthropogenic and natural factors.
World Conservation Union - Conservation measures Partnership (IUCN-CMP)
Multifactorial Threats
A comprehensive classification of direct threats to biodiversity proposed by ___: (10)
Salfasky
Residential and Commercial Development
Agriculture and Aquaculture
Energy Production and Mining
Transportation and Service Corridors
Biological Resource Use
Human Intrusions and Disturbance
Natural System Modifications
Invasive and Problematic Species and Genes
Pollution
Geological Events and Climate Change and Severe Weather
_____ evaluated tens of thousands of species worldwide and categorized them as threatened with extinction.
Included species classified as ____, ___, and ____
2012 IUCN Red List
Critically endangered
Endangered
Vulnerable
The stress classification for biodiversity proposed by salafsky et al. (8)
Ecosystem / Community stresses
Ecosystem Conservation
Ecosystem Degradation
Indirect Ecosystem Effects
Species stresses
Species mortality
Species disturbance
Indirect species effects
Threats to global biodiversity (10)
Habitat loss through degradation and fragmentation
Population growth and poverty
Over explotation of natural resources
Invasive species
Climate changes and Pollution
Disease
Weak enforcement of law
Background extinction
Stochastic events and hunting for food
Conversion to agriculture and housing
Categories:
No reasonable doubt that the last individual has died
Known only to survive in captivity or a neutralized population outside its historic habitat
Facing high risk of death in the wild in the immediate future
Facing very high risk of death in the wild in near future
Has a high risk of being the above categories in the wild in near future
When it is likely to become the above category in the near future
Lowest risk and abundant
Inadequate informaton to provide a category
Has not been assessed
Extinct
Extinct in the wild
Critically endangered
Endangered
Vulnerable
Near to threat
Least concern
Data deficient
Not evaluated
Conserving species in their natural habitats
Conserving species outside their natural habitats
In-situ conservation
Ex-situ conservation
____ of National Parks with ____ confined to asia
India has ___ authorised national parks and also ____ animal sanctuaries. ___ for tigers ___ for elephants
3000
one-third
166
515
41
11
Some Leading National Parks and Sanctuaries:
The Dachigam Wildlife Sanctuary
Jim Corbett National Park
The Sunerbans Wildlife Sanctuary
Manas Wildlife Sanctuary
Kaziranga National Park
Ranthambore National Park
The Keoladeo Ghana Bird Sanctuary
The Sasan Gir National Park
Kanha National Park
Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary
The concept of _____ was launched in 1975 as part of the ____ programme.
They have the following components
- Fully protected natural areas which is least influenced by human activities. Destructive sampling is not allowed
- Surrounds the key areas which keeps a wide range of resource use strategies, and activities related to research and education.
- Outermost region characterized by active involvement
Biosphere reserves
UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme
- Core Zone
- Buffer Zone
- Transition Zone
____ generally used to safeguard populations potentially under threat and need to be collected and conserved in gene banks in form of seeds, live plants, tissues and or DNA materials.
Principal aim of this is to maintain seeds and other ___ materials alive as long as possible and to reduce the frequence of ____ that may cause the loss of genetic diversity
Ex-situ conservation
germplasm
regeneration
place where plants are grown and displayed for the purposes of research and education. Specialized in trees are also called as ____.
Botanical garden
Arboreta
Objectives of botanical gardens are:
____ and propagation of important threatened plant species;
Serve as a centre of _____, research and training;
Build ____ through education on plant diversity and need for conservation
Ex-situ conservation
excellence for conservation
public awareness
____ located in New Delhi, plays a crucial role in preeserving seeds of both wild species and cultivated plant varieties
___located in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, this institution maintains stocks of genetic ma
National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources
National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources
_____ are those that are clonally propagated are conserved as live plants in field gene banks.
These cannot be stored using traditional seed banking methods.
However, cyropreservation can be used for species like these
Recalcitrant seed-bearing plants
a technique that involves preserving living
tissues at extremely low temperatures, typically around -____C, using liquid nitrogen.
Suspends mitotic and metabolic activities in the preserved tissues
Cyropreservation
196 C
Plant Parts that worked with cyropreservation (5):
Suggested that difficult-to-store seeds can be conserved through biotechnological methods ____ and ____
Meristem
Zygotic and Somatic embryos
Pollen
Protoplast cells
Suspension cultures
Engelmann and Engels
____ causes the highest probability of genetic erosion which can be monitored by collecting information on genetic composition and spatial genetic structure
Regeneration
____ efforts aimed at improving understanding, skills, and influencing behavior related to conservation
Involves enhancing the knowledge and skills of students in formal degree programs.
Focuses on enhancing knowledge, skills, and information exchange for practicioners, stakeholders, and relevant individuals.
Raising environmental awareness and providing information to the public through various media.
Actions aimed at developing, changing, influencing, and implementing formal legislation, regulations, and voluntary standards related to conservation.
Education and awareness
Formal Education
Training
Awareness and Communications
Law and Policy
Involvement in ballot initiatives related to conservation. Providing data and information to policy makers to inform decision-making.
Development of zoning regulations to ensure responsible land use. Implementation of countryside laws and species protection laws to safeguard local flora and fauna.
Creation of laws specific to indigenous ocmmunities to protect natural resources and biodiversity on tribal lands.
State/Provincial legislation
Local legislation
Tribal legislation
____ Using economic and other incentives to influence behavior in favor of conservation efforts. Incentives can be designed to benefit livelihoods and promote responsible practices.
Compliance and enforcement
