Biodiversity Threats in General

Question 1

Keystone species was introduced by ____

Two basic criteria of Keystone species as proposed by ____

1. The presence of Keystone species is cricual in maintaining the ____ and ___ of their ecological communities
2. These species are ____ relative to the rest of the community, in their importance

Answer 1

Robert T. Paine

Mills

Organization
Diversity

Exceptional

Question 2

Examples of keystone species

1. ____ Regulates the ____ density which feed over kelps, the giant algae
2. ____ Exclusion increases the number of arthropods which are harmful to agriculture
3. ____ are pollinators
4. ____ proposed the ___, ___, and ____ are keystone resources because of their etreme significance for fruit and nectar eating species of tropical forest like the ___, ____, ___, and many birds

Answer 2

Enhydra lutris (sea otters)
Strongylocentrotus spp. (sea urchins)

Solenopsis geminate (Fire ants)

Hummingbird

Terborgh
palm nuts, figs and nectars
primates, squirrels, rodents,

Question 3

Examples of keystone species

5. ____ make dams which can change ____ and ____ factors of the region to alter the productivity
6. ____ make bulky, rich and distinctively designed mounds which has a wide range of obligate users
7. _____ grazing prevents the transition from ____ dominated community to a large, fleshy algae dominated one
8. _____ maintain mountain meadow communities

Answer 3

Caster canadensis (North American beavers)
hydrological and biogeochemical factors

Cornitermes cumulan (Brazilian termites)

Sea urchins
Encrusting algae

Thomomys bottae (Pocket gophers)

Question 4

Threats to Biodiversity (3)

Answer 4

Escalating Extinction Rate

Irreversible Loss

Climate Change as a Threat

Question 5

Common groups that assess threats to biodiversity (3)

Answer 5

Millenium Ecosystem Assessment

United Nations Environmental Programme

International Union for Conservation of Nature

Question 6

____ Introduced a threat classification system to standardize terminology for threats to biodiversity, making it easier to compare and generalize data across ecosystems. It includes threats from alien species, genetic material, and interactions among native species

This distinguishes between ____ such as geological events, climate changes, severe weather, and direct threats to biodiversity

Answer 6

IUCN
Internation Union for Conservation of Nature

Abiotic threats

Question 7

____ proposed a classification of stresses that contribute to biodiversity loss

defining stresses as degraded conditions resulting from direct threats

____ Biodiversity faces severe threats from a combination of anthropogenic and natural factors.

Answer 7

World Conservation Union - Conservation measures Partnership (IUCN-CMP)

Multifactorial Threats

Question 8

A comprehensive classification of direct threats to biodiversity proposed by ___: (10)

Answer 8

Salfasky

Residential and Commercial Development

Agriculture and Aquaculture

Energy Production and Mining

Transportation and Service Corridors

Biological Resource Use

Human Intrusions and Disturbance

Natural System Modifications

Invasive and Problematic Species and Genes
Pollution

Geological Events and Climate Change and Severe Weather

Question 9

_____ evaluated tens of thousands of species worldwide and categorized them as threatened with extinction.

Included species classified as ____, ___, and ____

Answer 9

2012 IUCN Red List

Critically endangered
Endangered
Vulnerable

Question 10

The stress classification for biodiversity proposed by salafsky et al. (8)

Answer 10

Ecosystem / Community stresses

Ecosystem Conservation

Ecosystem Degradation

Indirect Ecosystem Effects

Species stresses

Species mortality

Species disturbance

Indirect species effects

Question 11

Threats to global biodiversity (10)

Answer 11

Habitat loss through degradation and fragmentation

Population growth and poverty

Over explotation of natural resources

Invasive species

Climate changes and Pollution

Disease

Weak enforcement of law

Background extinction

Stochastic events and hunting for food

Conversion to agriculture and housing

Question 12

Categories:

No reasonable doubt that the last individual has died

Known only to survive in captivity or a neutralized population outside its historic habitat

Facing high risk of death in the wild in the immediate future

Facing very high risk of death in the wild in near future

Has a high risk of being the above categories in the wild in near future

When it is likely to become the above category in the near future

Lowest risk and abundant

Inadequate informaton to provide a category

Has not been assessed

Answer 12

Extinct

Extinct in the wild

Critically endangered

Endangered

Vulnerable

Near to threat

Least concern

Data deficient

Not evaluated

Question 13

Conserving species in their natural habitats

Conserving species outside their natural habitats

Answer 13

In-situ conservation

Ex-situ conservation

Question 14

____ of National Parks with ____ confined to asia

India has ___ authorised national parks and also ____ animal sanctuaries. ___ for tigers ___ for elephants

Answer 14

3000
one-third

166
515
41
11

Question 15

Some Leading National Parks and Sanctuaries:

Answer 15

The Dachigam Wildlife Sanctuary

Jim Corbett National Park

The Sunerbans Wildlife Sanctuary

Manas Wildlife Sanctuary

Kaziranga National Park

Ranthambore National Park

The Keoladeo Ghana Bird Sanctuary

The Sasan Gir National Park

Kanha National Park

Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary

Question 16

The concept of _____ was launched in 1975 as part of the ____ programme.

They have the following components

1. Fully protected natural areas which is least influenced by human activities. Destructive sampling is not allowed
2. Surrounds the key areas which keeps a wide range of resource use strategies, and activities related to research and education.
3. Outermost region characterized by active involvement

Answer 16

Biosphere reserves
UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme

1. Core Zone
2. Buffer Zone
3. Transition Zone

Question 17

____ generally used to safeguard populations potentially under threat and need to be collected and conserved in gene banks in form of seeds, live plants, tissues and or DNA materials.

Principal aim of this is to maintain seeds and other ___ materials alive as long as possible and to reduce the frequence of ____ that may cause the loss of genetic diversity

Answer 17

Ex-situ conservation

germplasm
regeneration

Question 18

place where plants are grown and displayed for the purposes of research and education. Specialized in trees are also called as ____.

Answer 18

Botanical garden

Arboreta

Question 19

Objectives of botanical gardens are:

____ and propagation of important threatened plant species;

Serve as a centre of _____, research and training;

Build ____ through education on plant diversity and need for conservation

Answer 19

Ex-situ conservation

excellence for conservation

public awareness

Question 20

____ located in New Delhi, plays a crucial role in preeserving seeds of both wild species and cultivated plant varieties

___located in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, this institution maintains stocks of genetic ma

Answer 20

National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources

National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources

Question 21

_____ are those that are clonally propagated are conserved as live plants in field gene banks.

These cannot be stored using traditional seed banking methods.

However, cyropreservation can be used for species like these

Answer 21

Recalcitrant seed-bearing plants

Question 22

a technique that involves preserving living
tissues at extremely low temperatures, typically around -____C, using liquid nitrogen.

Suspends mitotic and metabolic activities in the preserved tissues

Answer 22

Cyropreservation

196 C

Question 23

Plant Parts that worked with cyropreservation (5):

Suggested that difficult-to-store seeds can be conserved through biotechnological methods ____ and ____

Answer 23

Meristem
Zygotic and Somatic embryos
Pollen
Protoplast cells
Suspension cultures

Engelmann and Engels

Question 24

____ causes the highest probability of genetic erosion which can be monitored by collecting information on genetic composition and spatial genetic structure

Answer 24

Regeneration

Question 25

____ efforts aimed at improving understanding, skills, and influencing behavior related to conservation

Involves enhancing the knowledge and skills of students in formal degree programs.

Focuses on enhancing knowledge, skills, and information exchange for practicioners, stakeholders, and relevant individuals.

Raising environmental awareness and providing information to the public through various media.

Actions aimed at developing, changing, influencing, and implementing formal legislation, regulations, and voluntary standards related to conservation.

Answer 25

Education and awareness

Formal Education

Training

Awareness and Communications

Law and Policy

Question 26

Involvement in ballot initiatives related to conservation. Providing data and information to policy makers to inform decision-making.

Development of zoning regulations to ensure responsible land use. Implementation of countryside laws and species protection laws to safeguard local flora and fauna.

Creation of laws specific to indigenous ocmmunities to protect natural resources and biodiversity on tribal lands.

Answer 26

State/Provincial legislation

Local legislation

Tribal legislation

Question 27

____ Using economic and other incentives to influence behavior in favor of conservation efforts. Incentives can be designed to benefit livelihoods and promote responsible practices.

Answer 27

Compliance and enforcement