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OCR BIOLOGY (MODULE 4+6) > BIODIVERSITY, PRESERVATION AND CONSERVATION > Flashcards

BIODIVERSITY, PRESERVATION AND CONSERVATION Flashcards

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1
Q

Define biodiversity

A

Refers to the variety and complexity of life

A measure of all the species of organisms, the genes they contain and the ec oysters they are part of

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2
Q

What are the three types/levels of biodiversity

A

Habitat
Species
Genetic

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3
Q

Define habitat biodiversity

A

Number of different habitats found within an area
Each habitat can support a number of different species
E.g. beaches, forests

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4
Q

Define species biodiversity

A

A measure of diversity in the community

Species richness, evenness and diversity

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5
Q

Define species richness

A

Number of species found in a habitat

more species= richer habitat

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6
Q

Define species evenness

A

Number of individuals of each of the different species in a habitat

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7
Q

Define species diversity

A

Richness and evenness

High diversity index Indicates large number of species (richness) with relatively even spread of individuals (evenness)

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8
Q

Define genetic biodiversity

A

Variety of genes that make up a species
More alleles present in a population, the more genetically diverse the population is
Can lead to different characteristics (e.g. breed of dog)

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9
Q

What are the 8 factors affecting biodiversity

A 
Human population growth 
Deforestation 
Agriculture
Invasive species 
Over-exploitation 
Pollution 
Climate change 
Climate change and disease
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10
Q

Briefly explain human population growth as a factor affecting biodiversity

A

Growing at dramatic rate

Demand for food, houses, etc has lead to destruction of habitats, pollution, climate change and species extinction

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11
Q

Briefly explain deforestation as a factor affecting biodiversity

A

Occurs for timber, fuel and land

Decrease of overall biodiversity when clearing rainforests etc

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12
Q

Briefly explain agriculture as a factor affecting biodiversity

A

Use of insecticides to improve crop yield, kills species and affects food chain

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13
Q

Briefly explain invasive species as a factor affecting biodiversity

A

Introduced species may increase rapidly in number and decrease native populations due to competition and predation

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14
Q

Briefly explain over-exploitation as a factor affecting biodiversity

A

Species are harvested faster than they can replenish themselves

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15
Q

Briefly explain pollution as a factor affecting biodiversity

A

Fertilisers in sewage, litter, fishing nets, oils

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16
Q

Briefly explain climate change as a factor affecting biodiversity

A

Species with low genetic variation may be unable to evolve to adapt to the changes in temp, and rainfall, so may need to move

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17
Q

Briefly explain climate change and disease as a factor affecting biodiversity

A

Crops no longer suitable for areas where they used to be grown- new areas to grow crops will encounter disease as they have not evolved resistance to pests

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18
Q

What are the reasons for maintaining biodiversity

A

Ethics
Aesthetic reasons
Economic //
Ecological //

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19
Q

Explain ethics

A

Every species has a value and humans have responsibility to look after them

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20
Q

Explain aesthetic reasons

A

Presence of diff plants and animals and our environment enrich our lives
Provides inspiration for artists etc

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21
Q

Explain economic reasons

A

Biodiversity improves long term productivity
Undiscovered species have potential economic importance (e.g. medical use)
Breeding crops with disease resistance/ high yields= more production

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22
Q

Explain ecological reasons

A

Interdependence of organisms means that if one organism is removed it may have a significant effect on others

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23
Q

What is conservation

A

The maintenance of biodiversity through human action or management
May involve:
Sustainable development- using natural resources of an ecosystem whilst ensuring the won’t run out
Reclamation- restoring destroyed or damaged ecosystems

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24
Q

What is preservation

A

The protection of an area by restricting or banning human interference so the ecosystem is kept in its original state
e.g. set aside areas n nature reserves

25
Q

What is conservation in situ

A

Protecting species in their natural habitat

e.g. control invasive species, feeding animals

26
Q

Advantages of in situ conservation

A

Plants and animals remain in their natural habitat
Permanently protects biodiversity and ecosystems by maintaining genetic diversity
Cheaper than ex situ

27
Q

What is conservation ex situ

A

Protecting species by removing individuals from a threatened habitat and looking after them in a ew area
e.g. zoos, captive breeding, seed banks

28
Q

Problems with in situ conservation

A

Endangered habitats may be fragmented- areas too small for survival
Population may have already lost most of its genetic diversity
Attract ecotourists/poachers

29
Q

Advantages of ex situ

A

Organisms are protected from predation/poaching, bred to increase numbers
Health of individual is monitored and medical assistance given as required
Artificial insemination

30
Q

Problems with ex situ

A

Expensive
Behaviour altered- can lead to failure to breed successfully as not in natural enviro, unsuccessful reintroduction to their habitat
Gene pool is reduced

31
Q

Explain botanic gardens

A

Species actively managed to provide them with he best resources to grow
1500 world-wide, helping 35000 plant species
Reproduce asexually through tissue culture

32
Q

What are the conditions in a seed bank

A

Dry, -20 degrees

33
Q

Do seed banks work for all seeds and how is contained viability ensured?

A

No- some seeds die when frozen

Seeds are germinated and grown- new seeds then collected

34
Q

Advantages of seed banks

A

Seeds can be stored and germinated in protected surroundings
Take up little space
Large number of seeds produced

35
Q

Disadvantages of seed banks

A

Collection of seeds causes some disturbance
Lack of genetic diversity in sample collected
Conclusions from research may be invalid due to small sample

36
Q

Explain the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)
State its main aims

A

International’s agreement made by majority of government (1973)
Regulate and monitor international trade in selected species of plants and animals
Ensure trade doesn’t affect wild populations

37
Q

Explain Convention on Biological Diversity (DBD)

State its main aims

A

Signed by 150 government leaders at Rio Earth Summit (1992)
Dedicated to promoting sustainable development
Aims:
Conserve biodiversity
Appropriate shared access to genetic resources

38
Q

What is the country side stewardship scheme

A

Operated 1991-2014 offered government payments to farmers to enhance and conserve English landscape
Aimed to make conservation a part of normal farming and land management practice by defra

39
Q

In many environmentally sensitive areas, what management techniques are used

A

Limiting areas tourists can visit
Controlling movement of livestock
Introducing anti-poaching measures

40
Q 
Case study 1: The Galapagos Islands 
Description
Main habitats
Biodiversity
Threats
A

Volcanic, hot, surrounded by deep ocean, col water
Main habitats:
Subtropical forests, dominated by daisy trees
Exposed rocky coastal shores and beaches
Barren, volcanic plains
Biodiversity:
Unique climate and range of diverse habitats \Isolation of islands
Threats:
Population growth
Invasive species
Tourism

41
Q

How have the Galapagos Islands been conserved

A

1955- 97.5% of landed area declared a National Park
Charles Darwin Foundation (CDF)- organisation dedicated to conservation, e.g. eradication of introduced species that threatened endemic wildlife (goats, rats)

42
Q

Captive breeding in the Galapagos Islands

A

Tortoise eggs collected so not eaten by rats

Adults brought into breed

43
Q

Removal of invasive species in the Galapagos Islands

A

Quarantine system= prevention

44
Q

Sustainable development in the Galapagos islands

A

Island split into zones

Tourism controlled

45
Q

Case study 2: Antartica
Overview of habitats
Organisms present

A

Almost all covered in 2km thick ice containing 70% of worlds fresh water
Two season- summer= 24hr sunlight, winter= 24 hour darkness
Average winter temp= -30 degrees
Organisms:
All endothermic, rely on thick blubber
Emperor penguin, warm blooded animals, male on land with egg, female in the sea
Some plants- moss, etc

46
Q

What are threats to biodiversity in Antartica

A

Whaling and seal hunting
Overfishing- especially Krill= shrimp-like organism that provides food for whales, seals, penguins
Tourism, global warming

47
Q

What conservation measures are being taken in Antartica

A

Tourism management
‘trigger level’ catch size in some krill fishing areas- once catch size is reached fishing must be conducted equally across all fishing areas up to total catch limit

48
Q

Case study 3: Snowdonia National Park
Overview of habitats
Organisms present

A

Contains highest mountain range in England
Wide range of lakes, fast flowing rivers and wide tracts of woodland
Organisms:
Large number of bird species across different habitats-coast- chough, forest- flycatcher, mountain- osprey

49
Q

What are biodiversity threats in Snowdonia

A

Grazing fo sheep leaves areas barren and reduces biodiversity in this particular habitat
Walkers dropping rubbish, harmful to birds and mammals

50
Q

What conservation measures are being taken in Snowdonia

A

The hydroelectric power statin is inside a mountain to reduce its effects
Footpaths built

51
Q

Case study 4: The Lake District
Overview of habitats
Organisms present

A

Limestone pavements
Cliff, rock and scree- nesting for birds
Heathland- open habitat with small shrubs
Organisms:
Wide range of wildlife- toads, deer, eagles
Habitat for organisms existing above tree line
Some of UKs few carnivorous plants

52
Q

What are threats to biodiversity in Lake District

A

Invasive species- laurel, out compete native species as their dense canopy reduce light intensity on woodland floor
Peat extraction has left mires under threat
Damage to cliffs/rock faces by climbers

53
Q

What conservation measures are being taken in Lake District

A

Foot paths/bridleways to restrict access

Better public transport to reduce cars

54
Q

Ecosystem management
Cause study 1: the Masai Mara
Human land use
Overview of ecosystem

A 
Savannah divided by the Mara river 
Fertile grasslands close to the river 
Large migrating herds of wildebeest and zebra 
Human use:
Live stock and breeding grounds 
Crops
55
Q

Where do conflicts arise between human land use and conservation- Masai Mara
How are they being resolved

A 
Conserving animals causes conflicts 
-predators take cattle
-elephants trample crops 
Resolved?
Darwin initiative for survival of species t undertake research and training in human, wild life conflict
56
Q

Case study 2: the Terai region of Nepal
Overview of ecosystem
Human land use

A

Extremely fertile land
Mountain regions
Subtropical plants
Human use:
Fertile area= main agriculture region for Nepal
Timber trade, used for fuel and building materials

57
Q

Where does conflict arise due to human land use and conservation
How are these conflicts resolved

A

Terai is the most populated region in Nepal
Highly affected by population pressures
Rely on forest for tourism and wood
Resolved?
Supportive national legislation
Development of local community forest groups, harvesting rules and rates for products

58
Q

Case study 3: Peat bogs
Overviews of ecosystem
Human land use

A 
Supports significant area of vegetation 
Dominated by few groups of plant (moss)
Human use:
Burnt for fuel 
Drained for agriculture use
59
Q

Where does the conflict arise between human land and conservation
How are these conflict resolved?

A

Burning peat as fuel release trapped carbon (as CO2) int the atmosphere- global warming
Industrialised, mechanical extraction’s led to 90% loss of Peat bogs, loss pf rare habitat
Resolved?
Schemes (don’t sue compost with peat in)

OCR BIOLOGY (MODULE 4+6) (5 decks)

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