Biodiversity Flashcards
1
Q
(subgroup) ‐minnows, catfish, piranah, etc ‐dominate freshwater habitats around the world ‐all have ‘Weberian apparatus’ ‐skin has Schreckstoff
A
Ostariophysi
2
Q
-minnows, carp, goldfish, zebrafish, loaches, suckers
‐no teeth on jaws
A
Cypriniformes
3
Q
-piranha, hatchetfish, tetras, blind cavefish
‐most with an adipose fin
‐dominate freshwaters of central and south America and Africa
‐primarily diurnal and predatory, large schools
~1700 species
A
Characiformes
4
Q
‐catfish
‐primarily nocturnal, FW, slow moving bottom
‐snout with barbels
‐adipose fin usually present
-pectorals usually with anterior spines
‐body often heavily armoured or naked (no scales)
~1700 species
A
Siluriformes
5
Q
-knifefish ‐all have electric organs ‐FW streams of South America ‐No pelvic fins, no dorsal fin, no caudal fin ~170 species‐ all nocturnal
A
Gymnotiformes
6
Q
‐smelts, eulachon, capelin, galaxids
‐herring‐like but with an adipose fin
‐feed on zooplankton and small fish
‐spawn on beaches or rivers
A
Osmeriformes
7
Q
‐Salmon, trout, grayling
-all with adipose fin
‐marine and freshwater,
anadromous
A
Salmoniformes
8
Q
‐pike, muskellunge, pickerel, mud minnow minnow ‐FW, northern hemisphere ‐no adipose ‐dorsal and anal posterior
A
Esociformes
9
Q
(subgroup)
‐first vertebra articulates with 3 skull bones
‐muscle connects first vertebra to upper pharyngeal jaws
‐trend towards anterior pelvic fins and lateral
pectoral fins
A
Neoteleosts
10
Q
- marine smelt, barreleyes
- mainly bathypelagic
A
Argentiniformes
11
Q
- viperfish, dragonfish, bristlemouths,
loosejaws, hatchetfish
‐ Deep ocean
‐large mouths, large teeth, bathypelagic, light organs
A
Stomiiformes
12
Q
‐lanternfish ‐large loosely attached cycloid scales ‐adipose fin ‐epipelagic/mesopelagic/bathypelagic ‐migrate 1000 m to surface in evening ‐abundant ‐major prey species of whales, salmon, seabirds Osmeriformes ‐extensive ventral photophores
A
Myctophiformes
13
Q
‐include lizardfish(shallow coral reef), tripod fish (deepsea) ,
lancetfish (open water), pearleye fish (mesopelagic)
‐large mouths, no swim bladder
A
Aulopiformes
14
Q
-Opah, oarfish
‐mesopelagic worldwide
‐minute cycloid or no scales
A
Lampridiformes
15
Q
(species)
- endothermic from fin movement
- tropical
A
Opah
16
Q
(species)
- no swim bladder, no teeth
- sea serpent origin
- “king of the herring”
A
Oarfish
17
Q
- trout-perch, cavefish
‐adipose fin (last phylogenetic occurrence)
‐premaxillae major jaw bone but not protractile
‐sub‐thoracic pelvis, cycloid and ctenoid scales
‐weak spines
‐FW North America
‐Include cave dwellers with loss of eyes and scales
A
Percopsiformes
18
Q
-Assfish, Pearlfish
‐tapered tail,
‐pelvics absent or reduced and jugal
A
Ophidiiformes
19
Q
-cod, haddock, pollock, hake, rattails (deepsea) ‐primarily marine bottom dwellers ‐up to 1.8 m SL ‐usually have three separated dorsal fins‐ (unique to the group) ‐pelvics anterior to pectorals, chin barbels ‐no spines, soft rays Esociformes ‐small cycloid scales
A
Gadiformes
20
Q
- toadfish(tropical),
midshipman
‐broad flat head, jugular pelvics, three gill arches
rather than five
‐spines on dorsal fin, occasionally venomous
‐shallow marine bury in mud
‐~700 dorsal photophores that emit light and attract
prey
‐highly vocal……
A
Batrachoidiformes
21
Q
‐(‘tuft’) anglerfish,goosefish, batfish
‐jugal pelvics, bathypelagic and bottom
A
Lophiiformes
22
Q
(subgroup) ‐spiny‐rayed fish -Anterior fin composed of spines of solid bone rather than segmented as in ray‐finned fish - most have a physoclistous rather than a physostomous swimbladder - Usually ctenoid rather than cycloid scales - Usually two dorsal fins (first spiny)
A
Acanthopterygii
23
Q
‐mullets ‐shallow water, temperate, tropical ‐catadromous ‐very high lateral pectoral fins ‐large cycloid/ctenoid scales ‐first dorsal fin with 4 spiny rays ‐major human food source around the Mediterranean
A
Mugiliformes
24
Q
- Needlefish, flying fish, Halfbeak
- surface marine waters
- longer lower lobe of caudal fin
A
Beloniformes
25
‐’top‐minnow’, killifish, molly, swordtail, guppy, mosquitofish, 4‐eyefish
‐FW, single posterior dorsal fin, surface feeders
‐pelvis often absent, internal fertilization common
‐can inhabit extreme physical conditions
(extreme saline, high temp, high elevation‐Lake Titicaca)
Cyprinodontiformes
26
‐squirrelfish, orange roughy, lanterneye
‐coral reef and nocturnal, deep sea mounts
‐zooplankton feeders, physoclistous bladder, ctenoid scales
‐long lived: up to 158 yrs for orange roughy
‐highly vocal
- fossil record to Mesozoic
Beryciformes
27
- stickleback (M, FW), tubesnout (M),
trumpetfish(M) pipefish, seahorse
‐usually less than 10 cm SL
‐temperate and tropical
‐ most with defensive bony plates, spines,
‐long research history ..origin of ‘ethology’
‐‘super model’
‐full genome sequence completed on stickleback
Gasterosteiformes
28
‐rockfish and allies
‐20 families, 1300 spp
‐spines in dorsal, anal and pelvic fins
‐predatory and mainly marine bottom dwellers, usually
Scorpaeniformes
29
- rockfish, ocean perch, redfish, stonefish, scorpionfish, lionfish
‐largest family, large heads, large mouths
‐usually less than 0.5 m SL
‐numerous head spines and strong fin spines
‐internal fertilization and live bearers
‐up to 2.7 million embryo/female
‐highest diversity in east Pacific
Scorpaenidae
30
```
-blackcod or sablefish
‐North Pacific benthic, 300‐1200 m
‐app. 0.5‐1 m SL
‐high oil content (long‐chain omega 3 fatty acids
-feed on zooplankton (euphausids)
```
Anoplopomatidae
31
-lingcod, greenling
-5 lateral lines, four without neuromasts
‐rocky shore and kelp bed predator
‐no swimbladder????
Hexagrammidae
32
```
-sculpins
‐shallow marine waters
‐large pectorals, no swim bladder
‐include two FW species
‐50 marine species in BCwaters
```
Cottidae
33
-Grunt sculpin
‐convergent on coral reef fish
‐box construction, slow moving
‐north Pacific, shallow water
Rhamphocottidae
34
‐ Poacher, Kelp Poacher
‐numerous bony plates
‐ventral mouth, barbels
‐North Pacific
Agonidae
35
```
-lumpsucker
‐usually globose and soft
‐pelvic fins modified into a sucker
‐usually bottom but attached to flotsam
‐arctic and temperate marine
‐captured for caviar
```
Cyclopteridae
36
- snailfish
- sister group to lumpsuckers
- species rich in arctic waters
- rare in tropics
Liparidae
37
- perch
- pelvics thoracic or jugular, with 1 spine and less than 6 rays
- lateral pectorals vertically inserted
- caudal fin with fewer than 18 rays
- occur in all habitats
- 9200 species (largest order of verts)
- probably polyphyletic
Perciformes
38
-groupers, seabass, hamlet
‐small (3 cm) up to 2.6 m (500 kg) (size of a VW)
‐groupers are ambush predators – eat turtles
‐single long dorsal fin (usually)
‐hermaphrodites
‐mainly warm shallow marine waters (coral reefs)
‐several freshwater families (striped bass)
Serranidae
39
‐sunfish, bass, crappie
‐warm FW lakes in North America
‐dominant carnivores east of the Rockies
‐males dig and defend circular nests on substrate
Centrarchidae
40
-perch, walleye, darter
‐FW northern hemisphere (90% in NA)
‐perch and walleye important predators
‐darters are widespread in clear streams of eastern US
Percidae
41
- bigeye, cardinal fish
‐nocturnal, usually red, highly reflective large eyes
‐mainly coral reef, occasional tropical FW
‐males are mouth brooders (unique on coral reef)
‐have visceral bioluminescence (light organs attached to the intestine and buccal cavity)
Apogonidae
42
-remoras, sharksuckers
‐tropical marine
‐up to 1m SL
‐related to Serrandiae
‐split spiny dorsal fin modified for powerful suction (100 kg)
‐structure fused to upper jaw, swimbladder,???
fish attached to any large fish such as a manta ray /turtle/mammal
Echeneidae
43
-dolphinfish (mahi mahi)
‐expanded supraoccital bone in males
‐open water ocean predators (~ 1 m SL)
‐high growth rate , high speed, feed on flying fish
Coryphaenidae
44
‐jacks, trevally, pompanos (up to 2m SL)
‐streamlined fast swimming marine, predators, schooling, tropical
‐feed on herring‐size fish
‐laterally compressed, small cycloid scales
‐lethal ramming of sharks
Carangidae
45
-snapper
‐symmetrical triangular head
‐coral reef generalist predators, major target of commercial fishery
Lutjanidae
46
-grunt, sweetlips
‐coral reef, schooling, invertebrate foragers
‐often nocturnal, noisy
‐vocalize with enlarged pharyngeal jaws and amplified by swim bladder
Haemulidae
47
```
‐drums/croakers
‐coral reef bottom feeders, turbid rivers
‐multi‐chambered swim bladder
‐nocturnal, noisy
‐juveniles with extended dorsal fin
```
Sciaenidae
48
-porgies, sheepshead
‐coral reef and sub‐tropical
‐enlarged pharyngeal jaws for crushing molluscs
Sparidae
49
-goatfish
–coral reef bottom feeder, schooling
‐prehensile chin barbels
Mullidae
50
```
-archerfish
‐shallow surface waters, FW Asia
‐knock insects off branches with reverse
buccal pump
‐optical corrections
```
Toxotidae
51
```
-butterfly fish
‐abundant on coral reefs
‐laterally compressed,
‐rounded or square tail…never forked
‐tiny mouth with brush‐like teeth
‐feed on zoolankton and live coral
‐’poster coloration’
```
Chaetodontidae
52
```
‐ angelfish
‐Laterally compressed, coral reefs
‐spine on corner of operculum
‐often with lunate tail (unlike butterflyfish)
‐feed on live coral polyps, sponges
```
Pomacanthidae
53
‐FW temperate, tropical and brackish
‐Central and South America, Africa
‐species flocks in African lakes‐100’s species in each lake
‐diversification in body shape and pharyngeal jaws
Cichlidae
54
‐restricted to coasts of North Pacific (mainly marine)
- feed on small zooplankton or benthic invertebrates
‐viviparous: embryos develop in uterus‐like sacs in ovary
‐absorb nutrients from females through enlarged vascularized fins
‐young become reproductive several weeks of age
Embiotocidae
55
‐damselfish
‐coral reef
‐three sub‐groups
1) Maintain ‘gardens’ of algae – have incisors for clipping vegetation
2) Schooling planktivores‐ forked tails, conical teeth
3) Anemone fish (Nemo)‐mucous protects damsel from nematocysts of
anemone
Pomacentridae
56
‐wrasses
‐mainly tropical and coral reef, several in temperate NAtlantic
‐second largest family in Perciformes‐ >500 species
‐most feed on hardshelled invertebrates
‐brightly colored, solid body, square/rounded tail
‐distinctive swimming mode using pectorals
‐cycloid scales
‐hermaphrodite ‐gender determined by social rank
Labridae
57
-parrotfish
‐tropical coral reef, ‘herbivorous’ (coral and sponge), hermaphrodite,
‐ jaw teeth fused into ‘parrot‐like’ bill
‐break off chunks of hard coral, grind it with pharyngeal jaws and consume
‐90% of the day spent foraging (excavators and scrapers)
‐major cause of bioerosion‐ conversion of coral to sand (up to 1000kg/y/individual for
common species‐ (0.4 m^3/y/individual)
‐produce mucus bubble at night
‐large color differences during ontogeny
Scaridae
58
-pricklebacks & Gunnels
| ‐intertidal, subtidal, usually
Stichaeidae & Pholidae
59
```
-wolf eel, wolf fish
‐body naked, no pelvics, large canines, large molars
‐feeds on urchins, crabs, molluscs
‐convergent on moray eels
‐North Pacific, N. Atlantic
‐to 2.5 m SL
```
Anarhichadidae
60
-flying gurnard
‐’finger wing’, coral reefs
‐vocalize using hyomandibular stridulation
‐slow moving, invertebrate diet
Dactylopteridae
61
-cod icefish
‐major fish of the Antarctic, predatory, throughout water column
‐swim bladder absent, neutral buoyancy, reduced ossification, reduced lateral line
‐most have glycoproteins that act as antifreeze to subzero water temperatures
Nototheniidae
62
(species)
‐up to 2.3 m SL, slow growing, long lived
‐to 3500 m depth, ecological equivalent to N Pacific sablefish
‐major recent commercial fishery (white gold) ‐16% fat
‐rapid depletion of stocks after start of fishery
‐commercial extinction in as little as 2 yrs
Patagonian toothfish (Chilean bass)
63
‐sandlance
‐lower jaw projects beyond upper jaw, no teeth, up to 30 cm SL
‐highest length to depth ratio 10:1 of most fishes
‐diurnal schooling, plankton feeder
‐buries in sand to avoid currents, low tide, no swim bladder
‐north Pacific and north Atlantic
‐major food fish of salmon and seabirds, major part of Minke whale and harbour porpoise diets
Ammodytidae
64
‐ combtooth blennies
‐blunt heads, reduced anterior pelvics
‐widespread in shallow NAtlantic and tropics
‐frequent close associations with other fish species
‐sabertooth blenny mimics cleaner wrasse but are predatory
Blennidae
65
‐clingfish
‐tadpole shaped, common in intertidal habitats in BC, north Pacific,
Atlantic, Indian Oceans
‐pelvic fins modified to a ventral sucker, naked, no swim bladder
‐extensive parental care
Gobiesocidae
66
‐ gobies
‐second largest family of fishes‐ 1875 species
‐small bottom dwellers of shallow marine and freshwaters
‐blunt head, dorsal protruding eyes, no swim bladder, usually no lateral line
‐pelvic fin usually modified to sucker
‐Alamo’o upper jaw modified to a sucker after marine larvae enter freshwater
‐live in FW pools above high waterfalls
Gobiidae
67
‐ surgeonfish
‐coral reef, herbivorous, schooling, large swim bladder
‐knifelike scales on caudal peduncle
Acanthuridae
68
-Moorish Idol
‐convergent on butterfly fish but closely related to surgeonfish
‐coral reefs of Indo‐Pacific
Zanclidae
69
-barracuda (’iron pin’ )
‐2 widely spaced dorsal fins, 1st usually down, no gill rakers
p ‐up to 2 m SL, top level predators of tropical shallow waters
‐biomagnify ciguatera toxin present in lower trophic levels
Sphyraenidae
70
‐tuna, mackerel
‐2 dorsal fins, 1st in groove, posterior finlets
‐greatly reduced tiny cycloid scales
‐spindle shaped: dorso‐ventral symmetry
‐thin peduncle
‐swim bladder reduced or absent
‐bluefin tuna up to 4 m SL, 1000 kg
‐high speed epipelagic predators (to 100kmh)
‐dive to 1000 m depth
‐tropical to temperate seasonal migration in eastern Atlantic
‐Roman celebration‐ Thunnaeum
- Large commercial fishery in Atlantic and west Pacific
‐ 90% to 96% reduction in global biomass from the 1960’
‐partial endothermy of eye
and brain from modified
ocular muscle
‐useful for deep diving
Scombridae
71
‐swordfish, billfish, sailfish, spearfish, marlin:
‐high speed predators on tuna, ‐fastest fish (to 130 kmh)
‐bill is enlarged premaxillae
‐two anal fins, reduced pelvics
‐epipelagic, temperate, tropical
Xiphiidae
72
```
‐snakeheads
‐top level FW predator, ‐Asia, Africa,
‐labyrinthine breathing organ
‐tolerate hours out of water
‐ Convergent in shape and life history to Bowfin
```
Channidae
73
-flatfish, sole, flounder,
halibut, turbot, plaice
‐adults laterally compressed bottom dwellers, marine continental shelf, rarely FW
‐asymmetric head body, fins, long dorsal and anal fins
‐pigmented on a single side only
‐larvae are bilaterally symmetrical and like an average fish, live near the surface and
feed on plankton
‐higher growth rate of sub‐orbital skull bones on one side of the head leads to
migration of orbit to opposite side of the head
Pleuronectiformes
74
-lefteye flounder
‐both eyes on left side of body
‐eye migrates from right side to left side
Bothidae
75
-righteyed flounders, Halibut
-up to 2.5m SL, 300 kg
‐intertidal to 1100 m depth
‐NPacific, NAtlantic, predatory
‐extraction regulated by International
Halibut Commission
Greenland halibut
‐2500 m depth
‐can swim vertically
‐pigmented both sides
Pleuronectidae
76
‐triggerfish, porcupine fish, puffer fish, boxfish, filefish, sunfish
- ‘pinnacle’ of fish evolution
‐ most highly derived from Paleozoic fish
‐most are on coral reefs
‐ major fusion & loss of skull bones, loss of vertebra, stiff body
‐ as few as 16 vertebra compared with >26 for most fish
‐ front teeth fused to a beak
‐ all exhibit ‘coughing’ behaviour (reverse buccal pump)
‐ some also have blowing and inflation
‐ many have tetrodotoxin in the viscera
Tetraodontiformes
77
‐ filefish
‐partial ability to inflate
‐poster coloration
Monacanthidae
78
-porcupine fish
‐inflation
‐spines have neurotoxin
Diodontidae
79
-puffer fish
‐coral reef
‐limited number of repeat inflations (
Tetraodontidae
80
-sunfish
‐up to 1500 k, no pelvic fins
‐greatest mass of all ‘bonyfish’
‐major replacement of bone with cartilage, swim
bladder absent but neutrally buoyant
‐vertebral column highly reduced, tail absent,
body rigid
‐lateralis muscles insert on dorsal and anal fin to
allow fin oscillation
Epiplagic and mesopelagic ..deep dives (500 m),
surface breaching
‐increased surface basking after deep dives
‐r‐strategists – 300 million eggs
‐eat jellyfish, leptocephalus larvae
‐high growth rate …380 kg/15 months
‐predation by white sharks, blue sharks and sea
lions
‐high infestation of ectoparasites
(copepods, isopods, barnacles)
‐numerous ‘cleaners’ ‐5 fish species, seabirds
Molidae
81
Have a head
Craniata
82
Have vertebral column
Vertebrata
83
Have teeth
Gnathostomata
84
Bony
Osteichthyes
85
Ray-finned
Actinopterygii
