Biodiversity Flashcards
(subgroup) ‐minnows, catfish, piranah, etc ‐dominate freshwater habitats around the world ‐all have ‘Weberian apparatus’ ‐skin has Schreckstoff
Ostariophysi
-minnows, carp, goldfish, zebrafish, loaches, suckers
‐no teeth on jaws
Cypriniformes
-piranha, hatchetfish, tetras, blind cavefish
‐most with an adipose fin
‐dominate freshwaters of central and south America and Africa
‐primarily diurnal and predatory, large schools
~1700 species
Characiformes
‐catfish
‐primarily nocturnal, FW, slow moving bottom
‐snout with barbels
‐adipose fin usually present
-pectorals usually with anterior spines
‐body often heavily armoured or naked (no scales)
~1700 species
Siluriformes
-knifefish ‐all have electric organs ‐FW streams of South America ‐No pelvic fins, no dorsal fin, no caudal fin ~170 species‐ all nocturnal
Gymnotiformes
‐smelts, eulachon, capelin, galaxids
‐herring‐like but with an adipose fin
‐feed on zooplankton and small fish
‐spawn on beaches or rivers
Osmeriformes
‐Salmon, trout, grayling
-all with adipose fin
‐marine and freshwater,
anadromous
Salmoniformes
‐pike, muskellunge, pickerel, mud minnow minnow ‐FW, northern hemisphere ‐no adipose ‐dorsal and anal posterior
Esociformes
(subgroup)
‐first vertebra articulates with 3 skull bones
‐muscle connects first vertebra to upper pharyngeal jaws
‐trend towards anterior pelvic fins and lateral
pectoral fins
Neoteleosts
- marine smelt, barreleyes
- mainly bathypelagic
Argentiniformes
- viperfish, dragonfish, bristlemouths,
loosejaws, hatchetfish
‐ Deep ocean
‐large mouths, large teeth, bathypelagic, light organs
Stomiiformes
‐lanternfish ‐large loosely attached cycloid scales ‐adipose fin ‐epipelagic/mesopelagic/bathypelagic ‐migrate 1000 m to surface in evening ‐abundant ‐major prey species of whales, salmon, seabirds Osmeriformes ‐extensive ventral photophores
Myctophiformes
‐include lizardfish(shallow coral reef), tripod fish (deepsea) ,
lancetfish (open water), pearleye fish (mesopelagic)
‐large mouths, no swim bladder
Aulopiformes
-Opah, oarfish
‐mesopelagic worldwide
‐minute cycloid or no scales
Lampridiformes
(species)
- endothermic from fin movement
- tropical
Opah
(species)
- no swim bladder, no teeth
- sea serpent origin
- “king of the herring”
Oarfish
- trout-perch, cavefish
‐adipose fin (last phylogenetic occurrence)
‐premaxillae major jaw bone but not protractile
‐sub‐thoracic pelvis, cycloid and ctenoid scales
‐weak spines
‐FW North America
‐Include cave dwellers with loss of eyes and scales
Percopsiformes
-Assfish, Pearlfish
‐tapered tail,
‐pelvics absent or reduced and jugal
Ophidiiformes
-cod, haddock, pollock, hake, rattails (deepsea) ‐primarily marine bottom dwellers ‐up to 1.8 m SL ‐usually have three separated dorsal fins‐ (unique to the group) ‐pelvics anterior to pectorals, chin barbels ‐no spines, soft rays Esociformes ‐small cycloid scales
Gadiformes
- toadfish(tropical),
midshipman
‐broad flat head, jugular pelvics, three gill arches
rather than five
‐spines on dorsal fin, occasionally venomous
‐shallow marine bury in mud
‐~700 dorsal photophores that emit light and attract
prey
‐highly vocal……
Batrachoidiformes
‐(‘tuft’) anglerfish,goosefish, batfish
‐jugal pelvics, bathypelagic and bottom
Lophiiformes
(subgroup) ‐spiny‐rayed fish -Anterior fin composed of spines of solid bone rather than segmented as in ray‐finned fish - most have a physoclistous rather than a physostomous swimbladder - Usually ctenoid rather than cycloid scales - Usually two dorsal fins (first spiny)
Acanthopterygii
‐mullets ‐shallow water, temperate, tropical ‐catadromous ‐very high lateral pectoral fins ‐large cycloid/ctenoid scales ‐first dorsal fin with 4 spiny rays ‐major human food source around the Mediterranean
Mugiliformes
- Needlefish, flying fish, Halfbeak
- surface marine waters
- longer lower lobe of caudal fin
Beloniformes
‐’top‐minnow’, killifish, molly, swordtail, guppy, mosquitofish, 4‐eyefish
‐FW, single posterior dorsal fin, surface feeders
‐pelvis often absent, internal fertilization common
‐can inhabit extreme physical conditions
(extreme saline, high temp, high elevation‐Lake Titicaca)
Cyprinodontiformes
‐squirrelfish, orange roughy, lanterneye
‐coral reef and nocturnal, deep sea mounts
‐zooplankton feeders, physoclistous bladder, ctenoid scales
‐long lived: up to 158 yrs for orange roughy
‐highly vocal
- fossil record to Mesozoic
Beryciformes
- stickleback (M, FW), tubesnout (M),
trumpetfish(M) pipefish, seahorse
‐usually less than 10 cm SL
‐temperate and tropical
‐ most with defensive bony plates, spines,
‐long research history ..origin of ‘ethology’
‐‘super model’
‐full genome sequence completed on stickleback
Gasterosteiformes
‐rockfish and allies
‐20 families, 1300 spp
‐spines in dorsal, anal and pelvic fins
‐predatory and mainly marine bottom dwellers, usually
Scorpaeniformes
- rockfish, ocean perch, redfish, stonefish, scorpionfish, lionfish
‐largest family, large heads, large mouths
‐usually less than 0.5 m SL
‐numerous head spines and strong fin spines
‐internal fertilization and live bearers
‐up to 2.7 million embryo/female
‐highest diversity in east Pacific
Scorpaenidae
-blackcod or sablefish ‐North Pacific benthic, 300‐1200 m ‐app. 0.5‐1 m SL ‐high oil content (long‐chain omega 3 fatty acids -feed on zooplankton (euphausids)
Anoplopomatidae
-lingcod, greenling
-5 lateral lines, four without neuromasts
‐rocky shore and kelp bed predator
‐no swimbladder????
Hexagrammidae
-sculpins ‐shallow marine waters ‐large pectorals, no swim bladder ‐include two FW species ‐50 marine species in BCwaters
Cottidae
-Grunt sculpin
‐convergent on coral reef fish
‐box construction, slow moving
‐north Pacific, shallow water
Rhamphocottidae
‐ Poacher, Kelp Poacher
‐numerous bony plates
‐ventral mouth, barbels
‐North Pacific
Agonidae