Biodiversity Flashcards
What is the organization and location of DNA in eukaryotes?
DNA is organized into linear chromosomes located in the nucleus.
What is the organization and location of DNA in prokaryotes?
DNA is organized in a single circular chromosome located in the nucleoid region.
What do you call bacteria that exist in pairs of rod-shaped cells?
Diplobacilli.
What is one similarity between conjugation and transformation?
Both are methods of genetic exchange in bacteria.
What is one difference between conjugation and transformation?
Conjugation requires direct cell-to-cell contact, while transformation involves uptake of free DNA from the environment.
What is the difference between obligate and facultative aerobes?
Obligate aerobes require oxygen for survival, while facultative aerobes can survive with or without oxygen.
What are pili?
Hair-like structures that help bacteria adhere to surfaces and facilitate conjugation.
What are flagella?
Long, whip-like structures that aid in bacterial movement.
Provide an example of an extreme environment in which archaea exist.
Salty(halophile), low oxygen(methanogen), Hot(thermophile), cold(cycrophile)
Outline the steps of the lytic cycle.
- Attachment
- Injects viral dna
- Make new bacteria
- Maturation
- Lysis.
Outline the steps of the lysogenic cycle.
- Attachment
- Penetration
- Integration
- Replication
- Induction.
What is the difference between a prion and a viroid?
A prion is an infectious protein, while a viroid is a small, circular RNA molecule.
Describe the differences between the lytic and lysogenic cycle.
The lytic cycle results in cell lysis and release of new viruses, while the lysogenic cycle integrates viral DNA into the host genome without immediate lysis.
What two components are all viruses composed of?
- Genetic material (DNA or RNA)
- Protein coat (capsid).
What is a bacteriophage?
A virus that infects bacteria.
How does an envelope form on a virus?
The envelope forms from the host cell membrane as the virus exits the cell.
What two basic shapes do viruses take?
- Helical
- Polyhedral.
How does a vaccine work?
A vaccine stimulates the immune system to recognize and fight specific pathogens.
Explain what it means to be antibiotic resistant.
It means that bacteria have evolved to survive exposure to antibiotics that would normally kill them.
How could antibiotic resistance lead to a major health crisis?
It can result in infections that are difficult to treat, leading to increased morbidity and mortality.
