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bio 20 > biochemistry - topic 1 > Flashcards

biochemistry - topic 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Anabolic

A
  • a reaction that uses dehydration synthesis to build polymers from smaller molecules
  • requires energy (product)
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2
Q

Catabolic

A
  • uses hydrolysis to break down large chemical molecules into smaller ones
  • produces energy (reactant)
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3
Q

Polymer

A
  • a molecule composed of three or more sub-units
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4
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A
  • smaller molecules formed into larger molecules by the removal of water
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5
Q

Hydrolysis

A
  • larger molecules broken down into smaller molecules by the addition of water
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6
Q

Metabolism

A
  • the chemical reactions that occur inside an organism’s cells
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7
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • the human body’s most important source of energy
  • when unused, it is turned into fat for long-term storage (and a second energy source)
  • made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
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8
Q

Monosaccharides

A
  • a single sugar unit
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9
Q

Glucose

A
  • blood sugar
  • used for energy in cellular respiration
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10
Q

Fructose

A
  • honey and fruit sugars
  • sweetest out of the monosaccharides
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11
Q

Galactose

A
  • milk sugars
  • antigens
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12
Q

Antigens

A
  • a substance (usually protein) that stimulates an antibody
  • immune responses
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13
Q

Isomer

A
  • a group of chemicals that have the same chemical formula but are built differently
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14
Q

Disaccharides

A
  • a sugar formed by two monosaccharides
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15
Q

Sucrose

A
  • glucose + fructose
  • sweetest of the disaccharides
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16
Q

Maltose

A
  • glucose + glucose
  • grains and seed sugars
  • broken down starches found in animal enzymes
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17
Q

Lactose

A
  • glucose + galactose
  • milk sugar
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18
Q

Polysaccharides

A
  • a carbohydrate made up of sub-units of monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis
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19
Q

Starch

A
  • plant carbohydrate that stores energy
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20
Q

Glycogen

A
  • animal carbohydrate that stores energy
  • more useful energy because there are more branches of starch = more surface area for enzymes
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21
Q

Cellulose

A
  • plant carbohydrate that makes up the cell wall
  • fibre
22
Q

3 reasons why we need fibre

A
  1. prevents constipation
  2. prevents colon and rectum cancer
  3. lowers blood cholesterol
23
Q

Lipids

A
  • a group of organic compounds that cannot dissolve in water
24
Q

Two main functions of lipids

A
  1. Energy storage
  2. Structural material
25
Q

Structural functions of lipids

A
  • help in making cell membranes
  • surround nerve fibres
  • protect organs
  • form some hormones
  • vitamin carrier
  • insulation (ex. blubber)
  • form waxes = waterproof (ex. birds)
25
Q

Triglycerides

A
  • a lipid that is made out of glycerol and three fatty acids through dehydration synthesis
  • fats
26
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A
  • liquid at room temperature
  • plant-based oils
  • one or more double bonds
27
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A
  • solid at room temperature
  • animal-based fats
    have no double bonds; each carbon is surrounded by hydrogens (hydrogenation)
28
Q

Phospholipids

A
  • a major component of the cell membrane that has a phosphate molecule attached to a glycerol backbone
  • hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail which allows it to form bilayer membranes
29
Q

Steroids

A
  • a range of molecules with a common structure of four fused carbon rings
  • provides building material for hormones, bile, etc.
    –> ex. cholesterol
30
Q

Proteins

A
  • a chain of amino acids that form the structural parts of cells or act as antibodies or enzymes
  • made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
  • the shape of a protein determines its function
31
Q

Amino acids

A
  • a chemical that contains nitrogen and can link together to create proteins through dehydration synthesis
  • 20 amino acids (monomers); 8 are plant-based essentials
  • Each has 3 parts
    1. amino group
    2. carboxyl group
    3. R group
32
Q

Peptide bond

A
  • a bond that links amino acids together
  • A sequence of them is called a polypeptide
33
Q

Functions of proteins

A
  • (structural) proteins are used in making different organelles and cells:
    • hormones, antibodies, hair/nail tissue, mitochondria, enzymes, hemoglobin (red blood cells)
  • Can be used as an energy source but only as a last resort because it can be infectious to the liver
34
Q

Structure of proteins

A
  • Primary: Amino acids in a linear arrangement
  • Secondary: Folds/coils due to hydrogen bonding
  • Tertiary: R group interactions cause more folding
  • Quaternary: 2+ proteins folding together
35
Q

Denaturation

A
  • a temporary change in a protein’s shape physically or chemically (pH, radiation, heat, etc.)
36
Q

Coagulation

A
  • a permanent change in a protein’s shape
37
Q

Enzymes

A
  • a protein catalyst that allows chemical reactions to occur more readily at lower temperatures
  • generally end in “-ase” (ex. amylase, lactase, lipase)
  • form temporary chemical bonds with the substrate that are going through a reaction
38
Q

Active site

A
  • the region of the enzyme where the substrate bonds
39
Q

Substrate

A
  • a molecule in which an enzyme works
40
Q

Enzyme substrate complex

A
  • where the substrate molecules bond to an enzyme’s active site
41
Q

Coenzyme

A
  • organic molecules synthesized from vitamins that help enzymes combine with a substrate molecule
42
Q

Cofactor

A
  • organic ions that help enzymes combine with a substrate molecule
43
Q

Optimal temperature for enzymes

A

35-40°C
- an increase in temperature will increase collisions and movement of molecules and vice versa
- enzymes denature at a higher temp

44
Q

Optimal pH for enzymes

A

pH 6 and pH 8
- anything above or below the optimum may cause a change in the enzyme’s shape

45
Q

Concentration

A
  • the greater number of substrate molecules = greater number of collisions and rate of reaction
46
Q

Competitive inhibitors

A
  • interferes with an enzyme’s active site so the substrate cannot bind
  • As long as it remains attached to the active site, the enzyme cannot catalyze its normal reaction
47
Q

Negative feedback/feedback inhibition

A
  • blocking an enzyme in a metabolic process by the route’s end product until it is used up
48
Q

HDL

A

good cholesterol
high density lipoprotein

49
Q

LDL

A

bad cholesterol
low density lipoprotein

bio 20 (6 decks)

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