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CELL BIO EXAM 1 > Biochemistry: The Basic Ingredients Of Life > Flashcards

Biochemistry: The Basic Ingredients Of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

Chemistry is the study of ?

A

Atoms and molecules and their interactions

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2
Q

Elements are made up of ?

A

All matter, whether living, like our bodies , non-living things

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3
Q

The smallest unit of matter that retains the unique chemical properties is called an ?

A

Element

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4
Q

Elements cannot be____?

A

Broken into smaller pieces by routine chemical techniques

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5
Q

Usually abbreviated using the first two letters of their technical names

A

Elements

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6
Q

Two or more elements joined together form?

A

A molecule

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7
Q

A compound is known as?

A

Molecules with one or more types of element

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8
Q

The smallest recognizable unit of an element is called?

A

An Atom

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9
Q

Atoms consist of a ?

A

Nucleus, containing protons (positively charges particles) and neutrons (neutral particles)

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10
Q

The nucleus is surrounded by?

A

Electrons (negatively charged particles)

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11
Q

In a typical atom, the number of (+) charges protons equals_____?

A

The number of (-) charged electrons.

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12
Q

The balance of electrons and protons results in?

A

An atom with a neutral charge

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13
Q

Under certain conditions atoms can ____?

A

Gain or lose electrons

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14
Q

These atoms that have either a positive or negative change is called?

A

Ions

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15
Q

Atoms that have lost an electron will be ?

A

Positively charged

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16
Q

Atoms that have gained an electron will?

A

Negatively charged

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17
Q

“Opposites attract”, the positively charged atoms is ?

A

Attracted to negatively charged atoms

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18
Q

Electrolytes are charged ions found within our body that influence ?

A

The nervous system, muscle activity,and fluid balance

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19
Q

Acids and bases are also electrolytes because they can?

A

Conduct electricity and breakdown in water

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20
Q

Acids dissolved in water releases?

A

Hydrogen ions that can easily react with other atoms

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21
Q

Bases can ?

A

Accept hydrogen ions

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22
Q

Hydroxides are common bases which?

A

Accept spare hydrogen ions

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23
Q

The amount of hydrogen and hydroxide are measured using?

A

A pH scale

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24
Q

The pH scale is from ?

A

0 to 14

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25
Q

The value in a pH scale between 0 and 6.9 means?

A

It is acidic because there are more hydrogen ions compared to hydroxide ions

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26
Q

A pH greater than 7 indicates that there is more hydroxyl ions and therefore it is?

A

Alkaline or basic

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27
Q

The systems that help regulate the acid/base balance include ?

A

The respiratory and renal system

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28
Q

The role of the respiratory system is to ?

A

Take in air and get rid of carbon dioxide (CO2)

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29
Q

Elements can be joined together to form ?

A

Molecules

30
Q

The individual elements in molecules are held together by bonds between ?

A

Electrons in the atoms

31
Q

An ionic bond results from when?

A

One atom donates electrons to the other atom

32
Q

A covalent bond results from?

A

The electrons being shared by the atoms involved in the bond

33
Q

Covalent bonds may sometime be unequal because?

A

One atom takes more than its share of the shared electrons

34
Q

A polar covalent bond results in?

A

Weak charges on the electrons in the molecule

35
Q

All of the fluid in your body is based on?

A

Water based

36
Q

Water is a polar solvent because the bonds between the H and the O in water are ?

A

Polar covalent , oxygen takes more than its share of electrons

37
Q

Molecules that are water loving is called?

A

Hydrophilic

38
Q

Molecules that are water-fearing is called ?

A

Hydrophobic, ex: fats and oils do not mix well with water

39
Q

A solution is when?

A

The combination of one substance being dissolved in another

40
Q

The substance dissolved is called ?

A

The solute

41
Q

The substance doing the dissolving is called?

A

The solvent

42
Q

The solutes dissolved in your water-based body fluid is called?

A

Electrolytes

43
Q

Solute concentration is when ?

A

The amount of solute dissolved in a solvent

44
Q

The 4 broad categories of molecules are ?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

45
Q

Carbohydrates are made of ?

A

Sugar and starches

46
Q

If two monosaccharides are hooked together it forms?

A

A disaccharide

47
Q

A glucose and a fructose hooked together consists of a?

A

Sucrose (table sugar)

48
Q

Polysaccharides are made when?

A

Many monosaccharides are hooked together

49
Q

Consists of many glucose in your liver that is used to store energy is called?

A

Glycogen

50
Q

Lipids consists of mainly?

A

Hydrogen and carbon because they are hydrophobic

51
Q

Lipids are used for?

A

Energy storage,communication, and protection

52
Q

Phospholipids are key molecules in the?

A

Structure and function of cell membranes

53
Q

Has two fatty acid “tails” and a phosphate “head”

A

Phospholipid molecule

54
Q

Steroids are examples of?

A

Cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen; which lipids

55
Q

Proteins are ?

A

Molecules made of a long chain of amino acids

56
Q

A special lineage called a peptide bond ties?

A

The amino acid together and is unique to protein molecules

57
Q

The structure of protein is determined by?

A

The order of amino acids in the molecule

58
Q

There are only two nucleic acids in nature called?

A

RNA or DNA

59
Q

The RNA or DNA is involved in controlling?

A

Activities of cells and are the molecules that contain your genetic code

60
Q

“All the life-sustaining reactions within the body” is called?

A

Metabolism

61
Q

Anabolism is the process by which ?

A

Simpler compounds are built up; building phase of metabolism

62
Q

The process by which a complex substances are broken down into simpler substance is called?

A

Catabolism

63
Q

Enzymes _____

A

Speed up the rate of chemical reactions, making them fast enough for your cells to use the materials

64
Q

When the reactions is finished, the enzymes goes back to get more molecules is called?

A

Substrates

65
Q

How does energy get from food to cells?

A

The body takes in food and breaks it down (digestion). During this process the energy is released from the food

66
Q

Cells can’t use energy directly because

A

Only food converted to glucose can be used to make energy

67
Q

Glucose can be used by your cells during a series of chemical reactions called?

A

Cellular respiration

68
Q

During cellular respiration, glucose is combined with ?

A

Oxygen and is transformed in your mitochondria into a high energy molecule called ATP (adenosine, triphosphate)

69
Q

ATP is made up of a ?

A

Base, sugar, and three phosphate groups (triphosphate)

70
Q

When a bond is used, ATP becomes ?

A

ADP (adenosine diphosphate)

CELL BIO EXAM 1 (5 decks)

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