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MBCHB - PRINCIPLES 1 Summary > Biochemistry Summary > Flashcards

Biochemistry Summary Flashcards

Missing Glycolysis

1
Q

Bond Strengths strongest to weakest

A

Covalent, Ionic, Hydrogen, Hydrophobic interaction, Van der Waals

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2
Q

OILRIG

A

Oxidation is loss
Reduction is gain

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3
Q

AH + B <-> A + BH
Which is reducing agent?
Which is oxidising agent?

A

A - reducing agent
B - oxidising agent

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4
Q

What do peptides and proteins consist of?

A

Amino acids

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5
Q

Types of lipids

A

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

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6
Q

Types of nucleic acid

A

DNA, RNA

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7
Q

Types of carbohydrate

A

Mono, di, poly, saccharides

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8
Q

When free energy is negative, the reaction is exergonic, can reaction occur spontaneously?

A

Yes (-delta G)

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9
Q

When free energy is positive, the reaction is endergonic, can reaction occur spontaneously?

A

No (+delta G)

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10
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

Sequence of amino acids

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11
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

Formation of polypeptide backbone

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12
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

Folding into a 3D shape

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13
Q

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

A

Spacial arrangement of multiple units

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14
Q

What type of structure does collagen have?

A

Triple helix

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15
Q

Where is collagen abundant?

A

Connective tissue

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16
Q

What is SER responsible for?

A

Synthesis of steroid hormones

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17
Q

What is RER responsible for?

A

Synthesis of polypeptides

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18
Q

What is Mitochondria responsible for?

A

ATP synthesis, can multiply independently

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19
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus responsible for?

A

Distributes and modifies proteins

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20
Q

What is Ribosomes responsible for?

A

Location where RNA is translated into a protein

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21
Q

What is a Prokaryote?

A

Single cell organism that does not have a defined nucleus

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22
Q

What is a eukaryote?

A

Normal cell with a nucleus

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23
Q

Nucleoside consists of

A

Base + Sugar

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24
Q

Nucleotide consists of

A

Nucleoside + phosphate

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25
Q

What are the purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine

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26
Q

What are the pyrimidines?

A

Thymine and Cytosine
In RNA Uracil

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27
Q

What type of bonds are between 3’ OH group and 5’ triphosphate

A

Phosphodiester bond

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28
Q

Which base pairs with Adenine in DNA?

A

Thymine

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29
Q

Which base pair with Adenine in RNA?

A

Uracil

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30
Q

Which base pairs with Thymine?

A

Adenine

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31
Q

Which base pairs with Cytosine?

A

Guanine

32
Q

Which base pairs with Guanine?

A

Cytosine

33
Q

Which direction does DNA replication take place?

A

5’ to 3’ direction

34
Q

What is DNA replication catalysed by?

A

DNA polymerases

35
Q

What is required for DNA replication?

A

RNA primer

36
Q

Which end is always free on the leading strand during DNA replication?

A

3’ end

37
Q

How is the lagging strand replicated during DNA replication?

A

In short fragments called Okazaki fragments

38
Q

What unwinds DNA during DNA replication?

A

Helicase

39
Q

What is the strand structure of RNA?

A

Single stranded and contains a stem loop

40
Q

What is rRNA responsible for?

A

Combines with proteins to form ribosomes, where protein synthesis takes place

41
Q

What is tRNA responsible for?

A

Carries amino acids to be incorporated into protein

42
Q

Which class of RNA contains an anticodon?

A

tRNA

43
Q

What do anticodons consist of?

A

3 nucleotides

44
Q

What is mRNA responsible for?

A

Carries genetic information for protein synthesis

45
Q

What are RNA polymerases?

A

Multi-subunit complexes

46
Q

What type of RNA polymerase synthesises all mRNA?

A

Pol II

47
Q

What are the stages of transcription during DNA replication?

A

RNA polymerase binding
DNA chain separation
Transcription initiation
Elongation
Termination

48
Q

DNA replication - transcription
What happens during RNA polymerase binding?

A

Detection of initiation states on DNA (promoters)
Requires transcription factors

49
Q

DNA replication - transcription
What happens during DNA chain separation?

A

DNA unwinds

50
Q

DNA replication - transcription
What happens during Elongation?

A

Addition of further nucleotides to RNA chain

51
Q

DNA replication - transcription
What happens during Termination?

A

Release of finished RNA

52
Q

What is the transcription factor required for all Pol II transcribed genes?

A

TFIID

53
Q

What are the coding regions of genes?

A

Exons

54
Q

What are the non-coding regions of genes?

A

Introns

55
Q

How are introns removed?

A

Splicing

56
Q

When does splicing occur?

A

Before translation into a protein

57
Q

What are the stages of Translation during DNA replication?

A

Initiation
Elongation
Peptide bond formation and translocation
Termination

58
Q

DNA replication - Translation
What happens during Initiation?

A

Formation of initiation complex
Fuelled by GTP

59
Q

DNA replication - Translation
What happens during Elongation?

A

Anticodons of tRNA pair with codons on mRNA
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyse the attachment of amino acids to corresponding tRNA molecules

60
Q

DNA replication - Translation
What happens during peptide bond formation and translocation?

A

Catalysing of peptide bond formation between amino acids at P and A sites

61
Q

DNA replication - Translation
What happens during termination?

A

Occurs when site A encounters a stop codon
Finished proteins cleave off tRNA

62
Q

What are the 3 tRNA binding sites?

A

E - Exit
P - Peptidyl
A - Aminoacyl

63
Q

What does degenerate genetic code mean?

A

Amino acids can have more than one codon
This is true for many amino acids

64
Q

What does unambiguous genetic code mean?

A

Each codon codes for only one amino acid

65
Q

What do enzymes speed up?

A

Rate at which reaction reaches equilibrium

66
Q

Do enzymes affect the position of equilibrium?

A

No

67
Q

How do enzymes work as catalysts?

A

They lower activation energy of reaction
They stabilise the transition state

68
Q

What are enzymes without a cofactor called?

A

Apoenzymes

69
Q

What are enzymes with a cofactor called?

A

Holoenzymes

70
Q

Where do substrates bind on an enzyme?

A

Active site

71
Q

What is an induced fit?

A

Binding of substrate causes a conformational change in the shape of the enzyme resulting in complementary fit

72
Q

Which enzyme catalyses phosphorylation?

A

Kinases

73
Q

Where is cholesterol found?

A

Cell membranes
Component of myelin sheath

74
Q

What is cholesterol a precursor molecule of?

A

Steroid hormones
Vitamin D
Bile acids

75
Q

What lipid is the lipid bilayer made of?

A

Triglycerides

76
Q

What can triglycerides be used as?

A

Highly concentrated energy stores

MBCHB - PRINCIPLES 1 Summary (5 decks)

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