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PLE 2017 > Biochemistry: PATHWAYS > Flashcards

Biochemistry: PATHWAYS Flashcards

1
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation needs what 2 requirements?

A

mitochondria, oxygen

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2
Q

FADH:
what complex?
yields how many ATP?

A

complex 2

1.5ATP

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3
Q

NADH:
what complex?
yields how many ATP?

A

complex 1

2.5ATP

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4
Q

inhibitors of complex 1 (ETC)

A

B - barbiturates
A - amytal
R - rotenone
P - piericidin A

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5
Q

inhibitors of complex 2 (ETC)

A

M - malonate
T - TTFA
C - carboxin

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6
Q

inhibitors of complex 3 (ETC)

A

3AD
A - antimycin A
D - dimercaprol

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7
Q

inhibitors of complex 4 (ETC)

A 
4 CCoSaH
Cyanide
Carbon monoxide
Sodium azide
Hydrogen sulfide
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8
Q

inhibitor of complex 5

A

oligomycin

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9
Q

inhibits the transport of ADP into and ATP out the mitochondria

A

atractyloside

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10
Q

examples of uncouplers

A

BAD
Brown fat
Aspirin
2,4, Dinitrophenol

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11
Q

insulin mediated transporter?

A

GLUT 4

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12
Q

GLUT 3 involves what organs?

A

BPK
brain
placenta
kidney

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13
Q

GLUT 2 vs GLUT 5

A 
Glut 2 - K PLS
kidney
pancreas
liver
small intestine - basement membrane

glut 5 - SI - lumen

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14
Q

GLUT 1?

A

BPK + CR
brain, placenta, kidney
+
colon, RBCs

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15
Q 
GLYCOLYSIS
purpose?
location?
substrate? product/s?
rate limiting?
A
  • glucose metabolism for energy
  • cytosol
  • glucose –> 2 mol of pyruvate or lactate

**PFK-1
fructose 6,p –> fructose 1,6bisphosphate

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16
Q

hexokinase vs glucokinase?
present in ..?
inhibited by..?
Km/ vmax?

A

Hexokinase: most tissues
- glucose 6-p, low Km, low Vmax

glucokinase: liver, pancreas
- fructose 6-p, high Km, high Vmax

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17
Q

ATP yield of glycolysis?

aerobic & anerobic

A

aerobic - 5 or 7

anaerobic - 2

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18
Q

pyruvate has 4 fates? NAME ALL including the enzymes

A
  1. ) lactate (lactate dehydrogenase)
  2. ) pyruvate (p. dehydrogenase)
  3. ) oxaloacetate (p. carboxylase)
  4. ) ethanol (p. decarboxylase)
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19
Q

carboxylases need what co-factor?

A

biotin

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20
Q

dehydrogenases need what cofactors

A 
1,2,3,L,5
b1,
b2
b3,
b5 (coenzyme A - pantothenic Acid)
lipoic acid
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21
Q 
Citric Acid Cylce
purpose?
location?
substrate? product/s?
rate limiting?
A
  • formation of ATP; final common pathway
  • mitochondria, except succinate dehydrogenase
  • acetyl coa –> 2 C02, 1 GTP, 3 NADH, 1 FADh2

**isocitrate dehydrogenase
isocitrate –> a-ketoglutarate

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22
Q

ATP yield for TCA

A

10 ATP

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23
Q

complete oxidation of glucose will yield how many ATP?

A

30 or 32 ATPs

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24
Q 
GLUCONEOGENESIS
purpose?
location?
substrate? product/s?
rate limiting?
A
  • glucose formation
  • liver 90%, kidney 10%
  • both
  • intermediates of glycolysis, TCA; TAG; lactate; carbon skeletons of glucogenic AA –> glucose

**fructose 1, 6-bisphosphatase
fructose 1,6 bisphosphate –> fructose 6,p

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25
Q 
GLYCOGENESIS
purpose?
location?
substrate? product/s?
rate limiting?
A
  • glycogen synthesis
  • liver and muscle, cytosol
  • a-d-glucose –> glycogen

**glycogen synthase
elongation of glycogen chains

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26
Q 
GLYCOGENOLYSIS
purpose?
location?
substrate? product/s?
rate limiting?
A
  • glycogen breakdown
  • liver and muscle, cytosol
  • glycogen –> glucose (liver), glucose 6-phosphate (muscle)

**glycogen phosphorylase
shortening of glycogen chains

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27
Q

fructose can be found in what organs

A 
FOLS
FRUCTOSE in
Ovaries
Liver
Seminal vesicles
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28
Q 
PPP/ HMP SHUNT
purpose?
location?
substrate? product/s?
rate limiting?
A
  • produce NADPH, ribose 5-phosphate
  • cytosol
  • glucose 6-p –> NADPH, ribose 5-p

**Glucose 6-p dehydrogenase
glucose 6-p –> 6-phosphogluconate

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29
Q

predominant FA in coconut oil?

A

lauric acid 12:0

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30
Q

predominant FA in olive oil

A

oleic acid 18:1 (9)

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31
Q

essential FA

A

linoleic acid 18:2 (9,12)

linolenic acid 18:3 (9,12,15)

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32
Q

palmitic acid structure

A

16:0

33
Q

20:4?

A

arachidonic acid

  • precursor of prostaglandins
  • derived from linoleic acid
34
Q 
LIPOGENESIS
purpose?
location?
substrate? product/s?
rate limiting?
A
  • synthesis of FA
  • cytosol
  • acetyl Coa –> palmitoyl CoA

**acetyl CoA carboxylase
acetyl coa + hc03 + ATP –> malonyl Coa

35
Q

shuttle used for lipogenesis?

for B - oxidation?

A
  • CITRATE SHUTTLE

- CARNITINE SHUTTLE

36
Q 
BETA OXIDATION
purpose?
location?
substrate? product/s?
rate limiting?
A
  • removal of acetyl coa, yielding NADH and FADH2
  • muscle and liver, mitochondria
  • palmitate –> 8 acetyl coa, 7 NADH, 7 FADH2

** carnitine palmitoyl transferase

37
Q

ATP Yield of palmitate?

A

108 - 2 =

106 atps

38
Q 
KETOGENESIS
purpose?
location?
substrate? product/s?
rate limiting?
A
  • synthesis of ketone bodies as alternative fuel
  • liver mitochondria
  • acetly coa –> AHA (acetone, b- Hydrodxybutarate acetoacetate)

**HMG-coA synthase
acetoacetyl coa + acetly coa –> hmg coa

39
Q

CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS
location?
substrate?
rate limiting?

A
  • cytosol
  • acetly coa

**HMG-coA reductase
Hmg coa –> mevalonate

40
Q 
UREA CYCLE
purpose?
location?
substrate? product/s?
rate limiting?
allosteric factor?
A
  • convert nitrogenous waste (ammonia) to urea
  • liver, both
  • CO2, Aspartate, NH3 –> urea

**Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1
NH3 + C02 –> carbamoyl phosphate

allosteric factor: n-acetylglutamate

41
Q

transamination of alanine will yield?

A

pyruvate

42
Q

transamination of oxaloacetate will yield?

A

aspartate

43
Q

transamination of glutamate will yield?

A

a-ketoglutarate

44
Q

HEME SYNTHESIS
location?
rate limiting?
co factor?

A
  • mitochondria & cytosol
    **ala synthase
    glycine + succinyl coa –> d ALA

co factor: b6

45
Q

phase that is OXIDATIVE & IRREVERSIBLE?
what enzyme involved? cofactor?
product

A

PHASE 1
g6p dehydrogenase (no cofactor)
NADPH

46
Q

phase that is NONOXIDATIVE & REVERSIBLE?
what enzyme involved? cofactor?
product

A

PHASE 2
transketolase (+ thiamine)
ribose 5-phosphate

47
Q

2 pathways involved in substrate level phosphorylation?

A
  1. ) glycolysis

2. ) TCA - succinate thiokinase step

48
Q

ROS?

A
  • superoxide
  • hydrogen peroxide
  • hydroxyl radical
49
Q

second messenger of glucagon? insulin?

A

glucagon - cAMP

insulin - tyrosine kinase

50
Q

pathways that occurs in both the cytosol and mitochondria?

A

HUG
H - HEME SYNTHESIS
U - UREA CYCLE
G - GLUCONEOGENESIS

51
Q

shuttle for glycolysis? will yield how many ATP per molecule?

A

MALATE ASPARTATE SHUTTLE - 2.5 ATP

GLYCEROPHOSPHATE SHUTTLE - 1.5 ATP

52
Q

most common enyzme defect in glycolysis?

A

pyruvate kinase

- hemolytic Anemia

53
Q

most common cause of congenital lactic acidosis

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

  • x-linked
  • treat with ketogenic diet
54
Q

the enzyme inhibited by fluoroactate

: TCA cycle

A

aconitase

55
Q

the enzyme inhibited by arsenite and ammonia

: TCA cycle

A

a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

56
Q

pathways that occur in the mitochondria

A 
BATOK
B - B - OXIDATION
A - ACETYL COA PRODUCTION
T - TCA CYCLE
O - OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
K - KETOGENESIS
57
Q

the rate limiting step of glycogenolysis requires what co-factor?
what is the rate limiting step?

A
  • B6

- glycogen phosphorylase

58
Q

sequence of steps by lipogenesis?

will yield what?

A 
CODE RED RED
condensation, reduction, dehydration, reduction
- 1 acetyl coa
- 7 malonyl coa
- 7 carbon out
- 14 nadph needed
59
Q

sequence of steps by b-oxidation?

will yield what?

A 
OHOT
oxidation, hydration, oxidation, thiolysis
- 8 acetly coa
- 7 nadh
- 7 fadh
60
Q

what is the difference between carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 & 2 deficiency?

A

CPT 1 - affects liver

CPT 2 - affects cardiac and skeletal muscle

61
Q

rate limiting step for steroid synthesis

A

desmolase

62
Q

what are glucogenic substances?

A

ECG
epinephrine
cortisol
growth hormone

63
Q

rate limiting step of purine synthesis

A

PRPP glutamyl amidotransferase

64
Q

rate limiting step of pyramdine synthesis

A

carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 2

65
Q

what is the parent molecule for purine?

pyramidine?

A

purine - IMP (inosine monophosphate)

pyramidine - UMP (orotdine monophosphate)

66
Q

what is the sequence of formation of purine and pyramdine: which comes first? the sugar or ring

A

sugar first - purine

ring first - pyramidine

67
Q

purine or pyramidine?

- associated with gout

A

purine

68
Q

purine or pyramidine?

- associated with salvage pathway

A

purine

69
Q

purine or pyramidine?
- degradation products:
b-alanin (precursor of acetyl coa) &
b-aminoisobutyrate (precursor of succinyl coa)

A

pyramidine

70
Q

purine or pyramidine?

- ring cannot be cleaved in human cells

A

purine

71
Q

purine or pyramidine?

- ring can be degraded to water soluble products

A

pyramidine

72
Q

purine or pyramidine?

- degradation products: uric acid

A

purine

73
Q

purine or pyramidine?

- associated with orotic aciduria

A

pyramidine

74
Q

what AB drug INHIBITS

DIHYDROPTEROATE SYNTHASE

A

SULFONAMIDES

75
Q

what chemotherapeutic drug INHIBITS

THYMIDYLATE SYNTHASE

A

5-FU

76
Q

what 2 drugs (chemotherapuetic & AB) INHIBITS

DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE

A

METHOTHREXATE

TRIMETHOPRIM

77
Q

what drug INHIBITS

HYPOXANTHINE OXIDASE

A

ALLOPURINOL

78
Q

what chemotherapeutic drug INHIBITS

IMP DEHYDROGENASE

A

MYCOPHENOLATE

79
Q

rate limiting step for bile synthesis

A

7a-hydroxylase

PLE 2017 (6 decks)

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