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First Aid STEP 1 - Biochemistry > Biochemistry - Nutrition > Flashcards

Biochemistry - Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

ADEK

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2
Q

What are some causes of fat soluble vitamin deficiencies?

A

malabsorption syndromes (steatorrhea)

  • cystic fibrosis
  • sprue
  • mineral oil intake
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3
Q

What is vitamin B1?

A

thiamine (TPP)

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4
Q

What is vitamin B2?

A

riboflavin (FAD, FMN)

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5
Q

What is vitamin B3?

A

niacin (NAD+)

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6
Q

What is vitamin B5?

A

pantothenic acid (CoA)

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7
Q

What is vitamin B6?

A

pyridoxine (PLP)

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8
Q

What is vitamin B7?

A

biotin

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9
Q

What is vitamin B9?

A

folate

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10
Q

What is vitamin B12?

A

cobalamin

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11
Q

What is vitamin C?

A

ascorbic acid

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12
Q

What is the function of vitamin A?

A

antioxidant
visual pigments
normal differentiation of epithelial cells to specialized tissue
prevents squamous metaplasia

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13
Q

Where is vitamin A found?

A

liver and leafy veggies

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14
Q

What are symptoms of vitamin A deficiency?

A 
night blindness*
dry, scaly skin
alopecia
corneal degeneration*
immune suppression
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15
Q

What are symptoms of vitamin A excess?

A

teratogenic*
osteoporosis
skin changes

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16
Q

What is needed before starting isotreninoin for severe acne?

A

negative pregnancy test and reliable contraception

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17
Q

Vitamin A is used to treat what?

A

wrinkles and acne

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18
Q

What is the function of vitamin B1?

A

In thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), a cofactor for several dehydrogenase reactions

Think ATP:

  • pyruvate dehydrogenase
  • alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
  • transketoalase
  • branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase
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19
Q

What are the symptoms of vitamin B1 deficiency?

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome and Dry and Wet Beriberi

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20
Q

What are symptoms of Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome?

A 
confusion
opthalmoplegia
ataxia*
confabulation*
personality changes
damage to medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus and mammillary bodies*
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21
Q

What are symptoms of Dry beriberi?

A

polyneuritis

symmetrical muscle wasting

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22
Q

What are symptoms of Wet Beriberi?

A

high-output cardiac failure (dilated cardiomyopathy)

edema

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23
Q

What is the function of vitamin B2?

A

cofactor for redox reactions (like in TCA cycle)

component of flattens FAD and FMN

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24
Q

What are symptoms of B2 deficiency?

A

Cheilosis (inflammation of lips, scaling, and fissures at corners of mouth)

Corneal vascularization

The 2 C’s of B2

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25
Q

What is the function of vitamin B3?

A

constituent of NAD+ and NADP+ (redox reactions)

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26
Q

What amino acid is B3 derived from?

A

tryptophan

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27
Q

What is vit. B3 used to treat?

A

dyslipidedmia

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28
Q

What are symptoms of vit. B3 deficiency?

A

glossitis

pellagra

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29
Q

What are signs of pellagra?

A

diarrhea
dementia
dermatitis (hyper pigmentation of sun-exposed areas such as the hands)

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30
Q

What are symptoms of vit. B3 toxicity?

A

facial flushing
hyperglycemia
hyperuricemia

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31
Q

What is the function of vit. B5?

A

component of CoA (used for fatty acid synthase)

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32
Q

What are symptoms of vit. B5 deficiency?

A

dermatitis
enteritis
alopecia
adrenal insufficiency

33
Q

What is the function of vit. B6?

A

converted to pyridoxal phosphate, a cofactor used in transamination, decarboxylation rxns, and glycogen phosphorylase

34
Q

What does vit. B6 help synthesize?

A 
heme
cystathionine
niacin
histamine
NTs: 5HT, Epi, NE, DA, and GABA
35
Q

What are symptoms of vit. B6 deficiency?

A 
convulsions
peripheral neuropathy (can be induced by isoniazid and OCPs)
sideroblastic anemia (impaired Hb synthesis)
36
Q

What is the function of vit. B7?

A

cofactor for carboxylation rxns

37
Q

What are symptoms of vit. B7 deficiency?

A

dermatitis, alopecia, enteritis (rare)

38
Q

What can cause a vit. B7 deficiency?

A

eating too many raw egg whites (deplete the protein AVID)

abx use

39
Q

What is the function of vit. B9?

A

converted to THF, a coenzyme for 1-carbon transfer/methylation rxns

important for synthesis of nitrogenous bases for DNA and RNA

40
Q

What are symptoms of vit. B9 deficiency?

A

megaloblastic, macrocytic anemia
hypersegmented neutrophils
NO neuro defects (as compared to vit. B12 deficiency)
glossitis

41
Q

What is the most common vit. deficiency in the US?

42
Q

What can a person take to decrease risk of neural tube defects of fetus during pregnancy?

43
Q

Where is vit. B9 found?

A

green leafy veggies

44
Q

What is the function of vit. B12?

A

cofactor for homocystein methyltransferase (transfers CH3 groups as methylcobalamin) and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase

45
Q

What are symptoms of vit. B12 deficiency?

A

macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia
hypersegmented neutrophils
subacute combined degeneration (dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal tracts, spinocerebellar tracts) d/t abnormal myelin

46
Q

Compare the serum levels of vit. B12 deficiency vs. vit. B9 deficiency?

A

Vit. B9 deficiency- increased homocysteine, normal methylmalonic acid levels

Vit. B12 deficiency - increased homocysteine AND methylmalonic acid levels

47
Q

What is a major complication of prolonged vit. B12 deficiency?

A

irreversible nerve damage

48
Q

Where is vit. B12 found? Who is at risk for this deficiency?

A

animal products

the vegans
sprue
enteritis
Diphyllobothrium datum
lack of intrinsic factor* (pernicious anemia, gastric bypass surgery)
absence of terminal ileum (Crohn dz)
49
Q

What is the function of Vit. C?

A

antioxidant*
facilitates Fe absorption by reducing it to Fe2+*
hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis*
necessary for DA beta-hydroxylate which converts DA to NE

50
Q

Where is vit. C found?

A

fruits and veggies

51
Q

What condition is vitamin C used as an ancillary treatment?

A

methemoglobinemia

52
Q

What are symptoms of vit. C deficiency?

A

Scurvy

swollen gums
bruising
hemarthrosis
anemia
poor wound healing
"corkscrew" hair
weakened immune system
53
Q

Fe toxicity can be increased with people taking what vitamin?

54
Q

What is the function of vit. D?

A

increase intestinal absorption of Ca2+ and phosphate

increase bone mineralization

55
Q

What are symptoms associated with vit. D deficiency?

A

Rickets - in children
Osteomalacia- in adults

Hypocalcemic tetany

56
Q

Who should receive oral vit. D?

A

breastfed infants

57
Q

What is low vit. D exacerbated by?

A

low sun exposure
pigmented skin
prematurity

58
Q

Where is vit. D found?

59
Q

What are symptoms of vit. D toxicity?

A

hypercalcemia
hypercalciuria
loss of appetite
stupor

60
Q

What disease can you see an vit. D toxicity?

A

sarcoidosis

61
Q

What is the function of vit. E?

A

antioxidant* - protects erythrocytes and membranes from free radical damage

62
Q

What is another bonus of vit. E and taking a specific medication?

A

Can enhance anticoagulant effects of warfarin

63
Q

What are symptoms of vit. E deficiency?

A

hemolytic anemia
acanthocytosis
muscle weakness
posterior column and spinocerebellar tract demyelination

neurological presentation may be similar to vit. B12 deficiency but WITHOUT megaloblastic anemia, hypersegmented PMNs, and increase in serum methylmalonic acid levels

64
Q

What is the function of vit. K?

A

cofactor for gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues on various proteins required for blood clotting

65
Q

What is vit. K synthesized by?

A

intestinal gut flora

66
Q

What clotting factors is vit. K associated with?

A 
II
VII
IX
X
(1972)

Protein C and S

DiSCo in 1972

67
Q

What is an antagonist of vit. K?

68
Q

What are symptoms of vit. K deficiency?

A

BLEEDING (increased PT and aPTT but normal bleeding time)

osteoporosis and CAD

69
Q

At birth, neonates are given an injection of what vitamin?

70
Q

What is the function of Zn?

A

essential for activity of 100+ enzymes

important for Zn fingers (transcription factor motif)

71
Q

What are symptoms of Zn deficiency?

A 
delayed wound healing
hypogonadism
decrease in adult hair
dysgeusia
anosmia
acrodermatitis enteropathica (periorificial and acral dermatitis, alopecia, and diarrhea)
72
Q

What may a deficiency Zn predispose a person to?

A

alcoholic cirrhosis

73
Q

What is the limiting reagent in EtOH metabolism

74
Q

What medication is used to treat methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning?

A

Fomepizole

75
Q

What is the sequence of EtOH metabolism?

A

EtOH –> acetylaldehyde –> acetate

76
Q

What are consequences of increased EtOH metabolism?

A

pyruvate –> lactate (lactic acidosis)
oxaloacetate –> malate (prevents gluconeogenesis –> fasting hypoglycemia)
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate –> glycerol-3-phosphate (combines w/ FAs to make TGs) –> hepatosteatosis

Other SEs: ketoacidosis

77
Q

What is the cause of Kwashiorkor?

A

protein malnutrition

78
Q

What are symptoms of Kwashiorkor?

A 
skin lesions
edema
liver malfunction* 
decrease alipoprotein synthesis* --> fatty liver
anemia
79
Q

What is the cause of Marasmus and what are the symptoms?

A

total calorie malnutrition

muscle wasting, loss of subcutaneous fat, and variable edema

First Aid STEP 1 - Biochemistry (8 decks)

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