Biochemistry - Lecture 2 Flashcards
What are the major classes of Biomolecules?
Peptides
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
What is Lactose composed of?
Glucose and Galactose
What is Maltose composed of?
Glucose and Glucose
What is Sucrose composed of?
Glucose and Fructose
What is Cellulose composed of?
Glucose and Beta Glucose
What are examples of Diasaccharides (3)?
Lactose
Maltose
Sucrose
What are the common Monosaccharides?
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
What are the three common Polysaccharides?
Cellulose
Starch
Glycogen
What elements are carbohydrates made from?
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
What are Polysaccharides generally used for?
Storage and rapid energy conversion
Structure
What is the first law of Thermodynamics?
Energy can neither be created or destroyed
What is the second law of Thermodynamics?
No energy transformation is 100% efficient
What is entropy?
Free energy will tend towards an unstable state after multiple transformations.
What is the symbol given for Heat Content?
Delta H
What is the symbol given for Entropy?
Delta S
What is the equation for free energy?
dG = dH - TdS
What is the equation for the free energy in terms of Products and reactants?
dG = Energy of the Products - Energy of Reactants
What is an Exergonic reaction?
Reactions in which the total free energy of the products is less than the total free energy of the
reactants
What is delta G for an exergonic reaction?
dG is negative in exergonic reactions.
Are Exergonic reactions Spontaneous or not?
Exergonic Reactions are spontaneous
What is a Endergonic reaction?
Reactions in which the total free energy of the products is more than the total free energy of the
reactions
What is delta G for an Endergonic reaction?
dG is positive in endergonic reactions
Are Endergonic reactions Spontaneous or not?
Endergonic reactions are not spontaneous
How do you determine the Free energy of this reaction?
A + B —- C + D
dG= dGo + RTIn([C][D]/[A][B])
What are the conditions for Standard Conditions?
Temperature: - 298k
Pressure: 1 atm
1 M concentration of reactants
pH 7
What does Delta G show (free energy) ?
dG is related to the point of equilibrium: The further towards completion the point of equilibrium is
more free energy is released
What is dG equal to when the reaction is at the equilibrium point?
dGo = -RTlnK
What type of reaction is considered favourable?
Reactions with a negative delta G (Free energy)
How does the body maximise its delta G with regards to unfavourable reactions?
Unfavourable reactions are coupled to highly favourable processes
What is an unfavourable reaction?
Reactions with a Positive delta G
What is the equation for ATP hydrolysis?
ATP + H2O —- ADP + Pi + H+
How much energy is evolved when one ATP molecule is hydrolyses to ADP?
-30kj/mol
What forms of ATP are the most stable to the least stable?
ATP least stable —- >AMP most stable
What is Catabolism?
-breaking down complex molecules into smaller molecules and releasing energy
What Anabolism?
Synthesising of complex molecules out of smaller molecules, this requires energy
