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Bio 12 > Biochemistry - Chemistry Review > Flashcards

Biochemistry - Chemistry Review Flashcards

Covers: pg. 3-8: the Atom, Ionic + Covalent Bonds, Water, Acids, Bases + Buffers. (Feb 8)

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1
Q

VOCAB: Atom

A

smallest chemical unit of matter

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2
Q

What is an Atom made of?

A

the core of protons and neutrons surrounded by a cloud of electrons.

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3
Q

VOCAB: Atomic Number (A.N.)

A

the number of protons or electrons in an atom

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4
Q

VOCAB: Atomic Mass (A.M.)

A

the sum of protons and neutrons (Protons + Neutrons)

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5
Q

VOCAB: Element

A

a substance that can not be separated into different substances by ordinary chemical methods

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6
Q

VOCAB: Isotopes

A

Atoms of an element but…

  • they contain a different number of neutrons
  • so they differ in mass
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7
Q

VOCAB: Oxidation (in bonding)

A

that one atom has lost electrons

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8
Q

VOCAB: Reduction (in bonding)

A

that one atom has gained electrons

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of an ionic bond?

A
  • between metal and non-metal
  • metlas lose electrons and become positive ions
  • non-metals gain electrons and become negative ions
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10
Q

VOCAB: Ions

A

charged atoms due to a loss or gain of electrons

  • a loss would make a positive ion.
  • a gain would make a negative ion.
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11
Q

VOCAB: Ionic bonds

A

form due to an attraction by opposite electrical charges.

- negative attracted to positive

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12
Q

VOCAB: Octet Rule

A

electrons try to make completed shells of 8 electrons.

-EXCEPTION: the first shell has only 2 electrons.

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of a covalent bond?

A
  • between non-metals

- usually very stable

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14
Q

VOCAB: Covalent Bond

A

sharing of electrons to complete shells.

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15
Q

VOCAB: Polar Covalent Bond

A

between two non-metals sharing electrons unequally

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16
Q

What molecule is absolutely essential to all life?

A

Water

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17
Q

Where does water get its properties from?

A

its Hydrogen-bonds

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18
Q

What are the types of compounds that dissolve in water? what are they called?

A
  • ionic and polar covalent

- hydrophilic (water-loving)

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19
Q

What type of compound does not dissolve in water? What is that called?

A
  • covalent

- hydrophobic (water-hating)

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20
Q

Water is known as the ________ solvent.

A

Water is known as the UNIVERSAL solvent.

21
Q

Where did all life begin? So all organisms are “______ based”.

A

Water. So all living organisms are “WATER-bassed”.

22
Q

How do all organisms maintain water levels?

A

by adaptations

23
Q

What % of the human body is water?

A

60-70%

24
Q

Only substances ______ in _______ can enter cell membranes in our body.

A

Only substances DISSOLVED on WATER can enter cell membranes in our body.

25
Q

Water carries away _______ _______ from our cells and _______ excreted in liquid.

A

Water carries away DISSOLVED WASTES from our cells and WASTES excreted in liquid.

26
Q

How are ions formed in water?

A

when an ionic substance is dissolved in water.

27
Q

In the human body water and water-based solutions act as __________.

A

In the human body water and water-based solutions act as LUBRICANTS.

28
Q

In human bodies what does water regulate?

A

Temperature

29
Q

What protects our brains against shock?

A

a watery layer

30
Q

Sense organs like our eyes and ears require _____ to function.

A

Sense organs like our eyes and ears require WATER to function.

31
Q

Water is abundant throughout what sphere?

A

The biosphere - the entire earth’s surface that supports life.

32
Q

Water has a _____ freezing point and a _____ boiling point. Why?

A

Water has a LOW freezing point and a HIGH boiling point.

Because of its Hydrogen Bonds

33
Q

Why does the ocean maintain a basically constant temperature?

A

Because water absorbs much heat before it warms and releases much heat before it cools.

34
Q

Water has high COHESIVENSS, what does this mean? What does this make water good at?

A

water molecules tend to cling together and draw dissolved substances along with them. Make water a good transporter.

35
Q

Liquid water is ______ dense than ice.

A

Liquid water is MORE dense than ice.

36
Q

Water dissolves other _____ molecules.

A

Water dissolves other POLAR molecules.

37
Q

VOCAB: Acids

A

compounds that dissociate in water and release H(+) ions

38
Q

VOCAB: Bases

A

are compounds that dissociate in water and release OH(-) ions

39
Q

VOCAB: pH

- what does it measure, what is the scale

A

potential of Hydrogen

  • is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions
  • scale ranges from 0-14
40
Q

Explain the pH scale.

A
  • the lower the pH the more acidic the solution
  • less than 7 is acidic
  • lth higher the pH the more basic (or “alkaline”) the solution.
  • higher than 7 is basic
  • ph 7 in neutral - pure water
41
Q

What is the formula used to calculate pH?

A

pH = -log(H[+])

Ex: pH=3 then (H[+])=10[-3]=0.001

42
Q

Why can the numbers in the pH scale be misleading?

A

because it is a logarithmic scale

43
Q

What does a logarithmic scale mean?

A

each number on the scale (pH) represents a difference in magnitude of 10.

Ex:

  • pH 2 is ten times more acidic than pH 3
  • ph 13 is 1000 times more basic than pH 10
44
Q

All living things need to maintain a _______ pH.

A

All living things need to maintain a CONSTANT pH.

45
Q

Why is ph so important in living organisms?

A

Because if pH changes it can cause the enzymes to “denature”(change shape)

46
Q

How do living cells keep pH constant?

A

Buffers

47
Q

VOCAB: Buffer

A

a chemical or combination of chemicals that can take up excess hydrogen ions(H[+]) or excess hydroxide ions(OH[-]).

48
Q

Are Buffers are a foolproof solution to pH imbalances?

A

No, they can be overwhelmed

49
Q

What are some(4) common Buffers in living systems?

A
  • carbonic acid(H{2}CO{3})
  • bicarbonate (HCO{3}[-])
  • acetic acid (CH{3}COOH)
  • acetate ion (CH{3}COO[-])

Bio 12 (10 decks)

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