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Biology 12 > Biochemistry ch2 > Flashcards

Biochemistry ch2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Acid

A

A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution

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2
Q

ADP

A

adenosine diphosphate.

a compound consisting of an adenosine molecule bonded to three phosphate groups, present in all living tissue.

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3
Q

Amino acid

A

An organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. Amino acids serve as the monomers of proteins.

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4
Q

Atom

A

The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.

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5
Q

Atomic mass

A

the mass of an atom of a chemical element expressed in atomic mass units. It is approximately equivalent to the number of protons and neutrons in the atom

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6
Q

Atomic number

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript to the left of the elemental symbol.

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7
Q

ATP

A

Abbreviation of adenosine triphosphate, the principal energy-carrying compound of the cell

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8
Q

Base

A

A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.

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9
Q

Buffer

A

A substance that consists of acid and base forms in solution and that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution.

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10
Q

Calorie

A

The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1°C; the amount of heat energy that 1 g of water releases when it cools by 1°C. The Calorie (with a capital C), usually used to indicate the energy content of food, is a kilocalorie.

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11
Q

Carbohydrate

A

A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides).

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12
Q

Cellulose

A

A structural polysaccharide of cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by (1-4) glycosidic linkages.

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13
Q

Compound

A

A chemical combination, in a fixed ratio, of two or more elements

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14
Q

Covalent bond

A

A chemical bond formed as a result of the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons

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15
Q

Cytosine

A

A pyrimidine base found in dna and rna that pairs with guanine. Glycosylated base is cytidine, it’s derived from pyrimidine. It is one of the four nitrogenous bases

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16
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

A chemical reaction that builds up molecules by losing water molecules

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17
Q

Denaturation

A

For proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive. For DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. Denaturation occurs under extreme conditions of pH, salt concentration, and temperature.

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18
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid.

A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell’s proteins.

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19
Q

Double helix

A

The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.

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20
Q

Electron

A

A particle with a single negative charge; one or more electrons orbit the nucleus of the atom.

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21
Q

Element

A

Any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance

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22
Q

Emulsification

A

The breakdown of fat globules in the duodenum into tiny droplets, which provides a larger surface area on which the enzyme pancreatic lipase can act to digest the fats into fatty acids and glycerol.

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23
Q

Enzyme

A

A class of proteins serving as catalysts, chemical agents that change the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

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24
Q

Fat

A

A biological compound consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule

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25
Q

Fatty acid

A

A long carbon chain carboxylic acid. Fatty acids vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form fat.

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26
Q

Functional group

A

A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions

27
Q

Glucose

A

A six-carbon sugar (C6H12O6); the most common monosaccharide in animals

28
Q

Glycogen

A

An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.

29
Q

Guanine

A

A purine base found in dna and RNA

30
Q

Hexose

A

a monosaccharide with six carbon atoms

31
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.

32
Q

Hydrolysis

A

A chemical process that lyses or splits molecules by the addition of water; an essential process in digestion.

33
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Having an affinity for water; capable of interacting with water through hydrogen bonding

34
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water

35
Q

Inorganic molecules

A

Inorganic molecules are generally simple and are not normally found in living things.

36
Q

Ion

A

An atom that has gained or lost electrons, thus acquiring a charge

37
Q

Iconic bond

A

A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.

38
Q

Isotope

A

One of several atomic forms of an element, each containing a different number of neutrons and thus differing in atomic mass.

39
Q

Lipid

A

One of a family of compounds, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that are insoluble in water.

40
Q

Matter

A

Anything that takes up space and has mass.

41
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.

42
Q

Monomer

A

The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer

43
Q

Monosaccharide

A

The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, the molecular formulas of monosaccharides are generally some multiple of CH2O.

44
Q

Neutron

A

An electrically neutral particle (a particle having no electrical charge), found in the atom.

45
Q

Nucleotide

A

The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

46
Q

Organic molecule

A

A molecule of the kind normally found in living systems. Organic molecules are usually composed of carbon atoms in rings or long chains

47
Q

Pentose

A

The sugars found in nucleic acids are pentose sugars

48
Q

Peptide bond

A

The covalent bond between two amino acid units, formed by condensation synthesis

49
Q

Phospholipids

A

Molecules that constitute the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.

50
Q

PH scale

A

A measure of acidity or alkalinity of water soluble substances

51
Q

Polymer

A

A large molecule consisting of many identical or similar monomers linked together

52
Q

Polypeptide

A

A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

53
Q

Polysaccharide

A

A polymer of up to over a thousand monosaccharides, formed by condensation synthesis.

54
Q

Protein

A

A three-dimensional biological polymer constructed from a set of 20 different monomers called amino acids

55
Q

Proton

A

A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, found in the nucleus of the atom.

56
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid.

A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses.

57
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton.

58
Q

Solute

A

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

59
Q

Starch

A

A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.

60
Q

Steroid

A

A class of lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached.

61
Q

Thymine

A

a pyrimidine base, C 5 H 6 N 2 O 2, that is one of the principal components of DNA, in which it is paired with adenine

62
Q

Triglyceride

A

A triglyceride is a lipid molecule made up of one unit of glycerol and three fatty acids

63
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid

A

A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.

64
Q

Uracil

A

RNA is different from DNA because it does not have thymine. Instead, it has a base known as uracil.

Biology 12 (4 decks)

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