BIOCHEMISTRY C3 Flashcards
They are the simplest compounds
amino acids
TRUE or FALSE
It is the difference between the R groups that makes each amino acid unique.
TRUE
Levels of structural organization in the human body
atoms
molecules
macromolecules
organelles
cell
tissue
organ
body system of organism
Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with a general formula of (CH2O)n, where n=3 or more
carbohydrates
The most common monosaccharide is
glucose
simplest forms of carbohydrates are called
monosaccharides/ sugar
Basic unit of the hereditary materials DNA and RNA
Nucleotides
Nucleotides form the molecular currency of the cell called
ATP
Nucleotides are composed of
five carbon sugar
nitrogen containing ring
one or more phosphate groups
ATP is composed of
nitrogenous base: adenine
sgar: ribose
3 phosphates
The most diverse and cannot be shown with a simple structure are called
Lipids
Common trait of lipids
poorly soluble in water because of the long chains of hydrocarbons
simple lipid
palmitic acid- 16 carbons
the total DNA of the cell
genome
individual units of inheritance
genes
microorganisms that lack a distinct
nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles
prokaryotes
organisms whose cells have a
well-defined nucleus and membrane-enclosed
organelles
eukaryotes
single-celled organisms, but groups
of them can exist in association, forming colonies with some differentiation of
cellular functions.
prokaryotes
more complex organisms
and can be multicellular or single celled.
eukaryotes
A well-defined nucleus, set
off from the rest of the cell by a membrane
eukaryotes
TRUE or FALSE
eukaryotic
cells are more complex and usually much larger than prokaryotic cells
TRUE
a part of the
cell that has a distinct function; it is surrounded by its own membrane within the
cell.
organelle
difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
existence of organelles, especially the nucleus in eukaryotes
TRUE or FALSE
the structure of a prokaryotic cell is relatively simple, and lacking
membrane-enclosed organelles.
TRUE
TRUe or FALSE
The plasma membrane is not the only membrane found in the prokaryotic
cell.
FALSE
The plasma membrane is the only membrane found in the prokaryotic
cell.
TRUE or FALSE
In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the cell membrane consists of a double
layer (bilayer) of lipid molecules with a variety of proteins embedded in it
TRUE
respiratory organelles
mitochondria
internal membrane system
endoplasmic reticulum
These organelles are non-existent in prokaryotes
nucleus
mitochondria
endoplasmic reticulum
chloroplasts
particles consisting of RNA and protein and site for protein synthesis in all living organisms and are bound to the endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes
in eukaryotes, energy-yielding oxidation reactions take place in
eukaryotic mitochondria
in prokaryotes, energy-yielding oxidation reactions take place in
plasma membrane
ribosomes are found free in
cytosol
refers to the portion of the cell outside the nucleus
cytoplasm
is the aqueous portion of the cell that lies outside the membrane-bounded organelles.
cytosol
organelles in which photosynthesis takes place, are found
in plant cells and green algae
chloroplasts
In prokaryotes that are capable of photosynthesis,
the reactions take place in layers called
chromatphores
chromatophores are
extensions of the plasma membrane rather than in chloroplasts
the portion of a prokaryotic cell
that contains the DNA
nuclear region
TRUE OR FALSE
there is
only a single, closed, circular molecule of DNA in prokaryotes and is called the genome
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
Before a prokaryotic
cell divides, the DNA replicates itself, and both DNA circles are bound
to the plasma membrane. The cell then divides, and each of the two daughter
cells receives one copy of the DNA
TRUE
the fluid portion of the cell outside the
nuclear region
CYTOSOL
has a slightly granular appearance because of the
presence of ribosomes
CYTOSOL
TRUE or FALSE
In addition to the
cell membrane and external to it, a prokaryotic bacterial cell has a cell wall
TRUE
made up mostly of polysaccharide material, a feature it shares with
eukaryotic plant cells.
cell wall of prokaryotic cels
Multicellular plants and animals are; also protista and fungi
eukaryotes
Three of the most important organelles in eukaryotic cells are
the nucleus,
the mitochondrion, and the chloroplast.
contains most of the DNA of the cell
and is the site of RNA synthesis
nucleus
contain enzymes that catalyze
important energy-yielding reactions.
mitochondria
are found in green plants and green algae, are the sites
of photosynthesis
chloroplasts
contain DNA that differs
from that found in the nucleus, and both carry out transcription and protein
synthesis distinct from that directed by the nucleus
mitochondria and chloroplasts
mostly made up
of the polysaccharide cellulose, giving the cell its shape and mechanical stability.
plant cell wall
photosynthetic organelles, are found in green plants and
algae.
chloroplasts
the organelle that contains the main
genetic apparatus in eukaryotes
nucleus
a portion of the nucleus rich in RNA
nucleolus
the most important eukaryotic organelle
nucleus
an aggregate of DNA and protein.
chromatin
mitochondria has an outer membrane
has a fairly smooth surface, but the inner membrane exhibits many folds called
cristae
is studded
with ribosomes bound to the membrane
rough endoplasmic reticulum
does not have ribosomes bound to it.
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
a cytoplasmic organelle that
consists of flattened membranous sacs, usually
involved in secretion of proteins
golgi apparatus
membrane-enclosed organelles that
contain hydrolytic enzymes
lysosomes
membrane-bounded sacs that
contain enzymes involved in the metabolism of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
peroxisomes
membrane-enclosed organelles that
contain the enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle
glyoxysomes
the portion of the cell that lies outside
the nucleus and the other membrane-enclosed
organelles
cytoskeleton
cytosol
a lattice
of fine strands, consisting mostly of protein, that
pervades the cytosol
cytoskeleton (microtrabecular lattice)
Rigid exterior layer of plant cells
cell wall
Membrane-enclosed sac (plant cells)
central vacuole
Separates the cell contents from the outside world;
contents include organelles (held in place by the
cytoskeleton*) and the cytosol
cell membrane
cavities within the cytoplasm of a cell,
typically enclosed by a single membrane, that may
serve secretory, excretory, or storage functions
vacoules
is separate from the endoplasmic reticulum but
is frequently found close to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. It is a series of
membranous sacs
golgi apparatus
is involved in secretion of
proteins from the cell, but it also appears in cells in which the primary function
is not protein secretion.
golgi apparatus
it is the site in the cell in which sugars
are linked to other cellular components, such as proteins
golgi apparatus
are membrane-enclosed sacs containing hydrolytic
enzymes that could cause considerable damage to the cell if they were not
physically separated from the lipids, proteins, or nucleic acids that they are
able to attack.
lysosomes
similar to lysosomes; their principal characteristic is
that they contain enzymes involved in the metabolism of hydrogen peroxide
(H2O2), which is toxic to the cell.
peroxisomes
enzyme present in peroxisomes that ctaalyzes the conversion of H2O2 to H2O and O2
catalase
found in plant cells only. They contain the enzymes that catalyze the glyoxylate
cycle, a pathway that converts some lipids to carbohydrate with glyoxylic acid as
an intermediate
glyoxysomes
was long considered nothing more than a viscous liquid, but recent
studies by electron microscopy have revealed that this part of the cell has
some internal organization.
cytosol
in cytosol, the organelles are held in place by a lattice of fine
strands that seem to consist mostly of
protein
is connected to all organelles
cytoskeleton or microtrabecular lattics
Membrane-enclosed sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes
lysosomes
Site of photosynthesis in green plants and algae; has its
own DNA
chloroplast
Location of main genome; site of most DNA and RNA
synthesis
nucleus
Site of energy-yielding oxidation reactions; has its own DNA
mitochondrion
Site of photosynthesis in green plants and algae; has its
own DNA
chloroplast
Continuous membrane throughout the cell; rough part
studded with ribosomes (the site of protein synthesis)*
endoplasmic reticulum
Series of flattened membranes; involved in secretion of
proteins from cells and in reactions that link sugars to
other cellular components
golgi apparatus
Membrane-enclosed sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes
lysosomes
Sacs that contain enzymes involved in the metabolism of
hydrogen peroxide
peroxisomes
Separates the cell contents from the outside world;
contents include organelles (held in place by the
cytoskeleton*) and the cytosol
cell membrane
Rigid exterior layer of plant cells
cell wall
Membrane-enclosed sac (plant cells)
central vacoule
They tend to
increase in number and size as the plant cell ages.
vacuoles
isolate waste substances that are toxic to the plant and are produced in
greater amounts than the plant can secrete to the environment.
vacuoles
