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Inorganic Chemistry > BIOCHEMISTRY C3 > Flashcards

BIOCHEMISTRY C3 Flashcards

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1
Q

They are the simplest compounds

A

amino acids

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2
Q

TRUE or FALSE
It is the difference between the R groups that makes each amino acid unique.

A

TRUE

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3
Q

Levels of structural organization in the human body

A

atoms
molecules
macromolecules
organelles
cell
tissue
organ
body system of organism

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4
Q

Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with a general formula of (CH2O)n, where n=3 or more

A

carbohydrates

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5
Q

The most common monosaccharide is

A

glucose

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5
Q

simplest forms of carbohydrates are called

A

monosaccharides/ sugar

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6
Q

Basic unit of the hereditary materials DNA and RNA

A

Nucleotides

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7
Q

Nucleotides form the molecular currency of the cell called

A

ATP

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8
Q

Nucleotides are composed of

A

five carbon sugar
nitrogen containing ring
one or more phosphate groups

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9
Q

ATP is composed of

A

nitrogenous base: adenine
sgar: ribose
3 phosphates

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10
Q

The most diverse and cannot be shown with a simple structure are called

A

Lipids

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11
Q

Common trait of lipids

A

poorly soluble in water because of the long chains of hydrocarbons

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12
Q

simple lipid

A

palmitic acid- 16 carbons

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13
Q

the total DNA of the cell

A

genome

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14
Q

individual units of inheritance

A

genes

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15
Q

microorganisms that lack a distinct
nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles

A

prokaryotes

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16
Q

organisms whose cells have a
well-defined nucleus and membrane-enclosed
organelles

A

eukaryotes

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17
Q

single-celled organisms, but groups
of them can exist in association, forming colonies with some differentiation of
cellular functions.

A

prokaryotes

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18
Q

more complex organisms
and can be multicellular or single celled.

A

eukaryotes

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19
Q

A well-defined nucleus, set
off from the rest of the cell by a membrane

A

eukaryotes

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20
Q

TRUE or FALSE
eukaryotic
cells are more complex and usually much larger than prokaryotic cells

A

TRUE

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21
Q

a part of the
cell that has a distinct function; it is surrounded by its own membrane within the
cell.

A

organelle

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22
Q

difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

existence of organelles, especially the nucleus in eukaryotes

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23
Q

TRUE or FALSE
the structure of a prokaryotic cell is relatively simple, and lacking
membrane-enclosed organelles.

A

TRUE

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24
Q

TRUe or FALSE
The plasma membrane is not the only membrane found in the prokaryotic
cell.

A

FALSE
The plasma membrane is the only membrane found in the prokaryotic
cell.

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25
Q

TRUE or FALSE
In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the cell membrane consists of a double
layer (bilayer) of lipid molecules with a variety of proteins embedded in it

A

TRUE

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26
Q

respiratory organelles

A

mitochondria

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27
Q

internal membrane system

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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28
Q

These organelles are non-existent in prokaryotes

A

nucleus
mitochondria
endoplasmic reticulum
chloroplasts

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29
Q

particles consisting of RNA and protein and site for protein synthesis in all living organisms and are bound to the endoplasmic reticulum

A

ribosomes

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30
Q

in eukaryotes, energy-yielding oxidation reactions take place in

A

eukaryotic mitochondria

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31
Q

in prokaryotes, energy-yielding oxidation reactions take place in

A

plasma membrane

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32
Q

ribosomes are found free in

A

cytosol

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33
Q

refers to the portion of the cell outside the nucleus

A

cytoplasm

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34
Q

is the aqueous portion of the cell that lies outside the membrane-bounded organelles.

A

cytosol

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35
Q

organelles in which photosynthesis takes place, are found
in plant cells and green algae

A

chloroplasts

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36
Q

In prokaryotes that are capable of photosynthesis,
the reactions take place in layers called

A

chromatphores

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37
Q

chromatophores are

A

extensions of the plasma membrane rather than in chloroplasts

38
Q

the portion of a prokaryotic cell
that contains the DNA

A

nuclear region

39
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
there is
only a single, closed, circular molecule of DNA in prokaryotes and is called the genome

A

TRUE

40
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
Before a prokaryotic
cell divides, the DNA replicates itself, and both DNA circles are bound
to the plasma membrane. The cell then divides, and each of the two daughter
cells receives one copy of the DNA

A

TRUE

41
Q

the fluid portion of the cell outside the
nuclear region

A

CYTOSOL

42
Q

has a slightly granular appearance because of the
presence of ribosomes

A

CYTOSOL

43
Q

TRUE or FALSE
In addition to the
cell membrane and external to it, a prokaryotic bacterial cell has a cell wall

A

TRUE

44
Q

made up mostly of polysaccharide material, a feature it shares with
eukaryotic plant cells.

A

cell wall of prokaryotic cels

45
Q

Multicellular plants and animals are; also protista and fungi

A

eukaryotes

46
Q

Three of the most important organelles in eukaryotic cells are

A

the nucleus,
the mitochondrion, and the chloroplast.

47
Q

contains most of the DNA of the cell
and is the site of RNA synthesis

A

nucleus

48
Q

contain enzymes that catalyze
important energy-yielding reactions.

A

mitochondria

49
Q

are found in green plants and green algae, are the sites
of photosynthesis

A

chloroplasts

50
Q

contain DNA that differs
from that found in the nucleus, and both carry out transcription and protein
synthesis distinct from that directed by the nucleus

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

51
Q

mostly made up
of the polysaccharide cellulose, giving the cell its shape and mechanical stability.

A

plant cell wall

52
Q

photosynthetic organelles, are found in green plants and
algae.

A

chloroplasts

53
Q

the organelle that contains the main
genetic apparatus in eukaryotes

A

nucleus

54
Q

a portion of the nucleus rich in RNA

A

nucleolus

55
Q

the most important eukaryotic organelle

A

nucleus

56
Q

an aggregate of DNA and protein.

A

chromatin

57
Q

mitochondria has an outer membrane
has a fairly smooth surface, but the inner membrane exhibits many folds called

A

cristae

58
Q

is studded
with ribosomes bound to the membrane

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

59
Q

does not have ribosomes bound to it.

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

60
Q

a cytoplasmic organelle that
consists of flattened membranous sacs, usually
involved in secretion of proteins

A

golgi apparatus

61
Q

membrane-enclosed organelles that
contain hydrolytic enzymes

A

lysosomes

62
Q

membrane-bounded sacs that
contain enzymes involved in the metabolism of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

A

peroxisomes

63
Q

membrane-enclosed organelles that
contain the enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle

A

glyoxysomes

64
Q

the portion of the cell that lies outside
the nucleus and the other membrane-enclosed
organelles
cytoskeleton

A

cytosol

65
Q

a lattice
of fine strands, consisting mostly of protein, that
pervades the cytosol

A

cytoskeleton (microtrabecular lattice)

66
Q

Rigid exterior layer of plant cells

A

cell wall

67
Q

Membrane-enclosed sac (plant cells)

A

central vacuole

68
Q

Separates the cell contents from the outside world;
contents include organelles (held in place by the
cytoskeleton*) and the cytosol

A

cell membrane

69
Q

cavities within the cytoplasm of a cell,
typically enclosed by a single membrane, that may
serve secretory, excretory, or storage functions

A

vacoules

70
Q

is separate from the endoplasmic reticulum but
is frequently found close to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. It is a series of
membranous sacs

A

golgi apparatus

71
Q

is involved in secretion of
proteins from the cell, but it also appears in cells in which the primary function
is not protein secretion.

A

golgi apparatus

72
Q

it is the site in the cell in which sugars
are linked to other cellular components, such as proteins

A

golgi apparatus

73
Q

are membrane-enclosed sacs containing hydrolytic
enzymes that could cause considerable damage to the cell if they were not
physically separated from the lipids, proteins, or nucleic acids that they are
able to attack.

A

lysosomes

74
Q

similar to lysosomes; their principal characteristic is
that they contain enzymes involved in the metabolism of hydrogen peroxide
(H2O2), which is toxic to the cell.

A

peroxisomes

75
Q

enzyme present in peroxisomes that ctaalyzes the conversion of H2O2 to H2O and O2

A

catalase

76
Q

found in plant cells only. They contain the enzymes that catalyze the glyoxylate
cycle, a pathway that converts some lipids to carbohydrate with glyoxylic acid as
an intermediate

A

glyoxysomes

77
Q

was long considered nothing more than a viscous liquid, but recent
studies by electron microscopy have revealed that this part of the cell has
some internal organization.

A

cytosol

78
Q

in cytosol, the organelles are held in place by a lattice of fine
strands that seem to consist mostly of

A

protein

79
Q

is connected to all organelles

A

cytoskeleton or microtrabecular lattics

80
Q

Membrane-enclosed sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes

A

lysosomes

81
Q

Site of photosynthesis in green plants and algae; has its
own DNA

A

chloroplast

82
Q

Location of main genome; site of most DNA and RNA
synthesis

A

nucleus

83
Q

Site of energy-yielding oxidation reactions; has its own DNA

A

mitochondrion

84
Q

Site of photosynthesis in green plants and algae; has its
own DNA

A

chloroplast

85
Q

Continuous membrane throughout the cell; rough part
studded with ribosomes (the site of protein synthesis)*

A

endoplasmic reticulum

86
Q

Series of flattened membranes; involved in secretion of
proteins from cells and in reactions that link sugars to
other cellular components

A

golgi apparatus

87
Q

Membrane-enclosed sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes

A

lysosomes

88
Q

Sacs that contain enzymes involved in the metabolism of
hydrogen peroxide

A

peroxisomes

89
Q

Separates the cell contents from the outside world;
contents include organelles (held in place by the
cytoskeleton*) and the cytosol

A

cell membrane

90
Q

Rigid exterior layer of plant cells

A

cell wall

91
Q

Membrane-enclosed sac (plant cells)

A

central vacoule

92
Q

They tend to
increase in number and size as the plant cell ages.

A

vacuoles

93
Q

isolate waste substances that are toxic to the plant and are produced in
greater amounts than the plant can secrete to the environment.

A

vacuoles

Inorganic Chemistry (5 decks)

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