Biochemistry (Blue) Flashcards by

Which of the following presents a cyclic sugar structure? 
A. Fischer projection
B. Haworth projection
C. chair conformation 
D. boat conformation

B. Haworth projection

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Lard is an example of what chemical class of lipid?

fixed oils and fats

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The overall arrangement and interrelationship of various regions or domains, and individual amino acid residues of a single polypeptide chain is ___________.

Tertiary

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The enzyme with its cofactor is generally known as

holoenzyme

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The citric acid cycle is an example of a/an ____________ metabolism.

amphibolic

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What is the visible result of Molisch’s test?

purple ring at the junction

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What is the deficiency state of folic acid?

megaloblastic anemia

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Certain metals and trace elements are important as enzyme cofactors. What metal is present in the enzyme glutathione peroxidase that replaces S in one cysteine active site?

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The only sugar readily forms insoluble aszone crystals

Mannose

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The phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate forms the potent secondary messengers inositol triphosphate &amp; diacylglycerol via what enzyme?
A. Phospholipase A 
B. Phospholipase C
C. Phospholipase D
D. Phospholipase B

B. Phospholipase C

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Protein, amino acids are joined covalently by:
A. hydrogen bond
B. peptide bond
C. oxygen bond 
D. disulfide bond

B. peptide bond

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Proteins digest in starts in the

stomach

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The site of citric acid cycle

mitochondria

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The formation of purple ring at the junction of the acid and sugar layers in the Molisch’s test detects the presence of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A. carbohydrates 
B. proteins 
C. lipids
D. nucleic acids

A. carbohydrates

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This enzyme catalyzes the conversion fructose-6-P to fructose-1,6-bis-P
A. hexokinase
B. pyruvate kinase
C. PFK
D. glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase

C. phosphofructokinase

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This is the base sequence for the start codon
A. UAG 
B. UGA
C. AUG
D. UAA

C. AUG

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Which of the major serum proteins is involved in protein binding of drugs?
A. alpha-1 acid glycoprotein 
B. lipoprotein
C. albumin
D. beta-1 acid glycoprotein

C. albumin

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Which of the following is/are true about lysozyme?
I. It is generally known as the power house of the cell.
II.It helps in the removal of damaged cell
III. It contains a bactericidal agent such as lysozyme that kills bacteria before it
damages the cell.

II & III

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Reverse transcription takes place in

virus

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This test is used to identify the presence of peptide linkages

Biuret

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Fruity odor of the urine is indicative of ketone bodies, a diagnostic value in case of acidosis in

diabetes mellitus

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Which of the following should be classified as a disaccharide?
A. ribose 
B. lactose 
C. glycoprotein
D. glycosaminoglycans

B. lactose

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A reddish solution results after the addition to iodine TS to an unknown solution. Subsequent addition of ammoniacal basic lead acetate to a portion of the unknown solution results to the formation of a precipitate. The results of the tests confirm the presence of

glycogen

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This is the only optically inactive amino acid
A. methionine 
B. Lysine 
C. Citrulline 
D. glycine

D. glycine

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``` The following are the components of DNA nucleosides except A. phosphoric acid B. sugar C. adenine D. cytosine ```

A. phosphoric acid

The OH group on the penultimate or second to the last carbon atom determines

D(dextro) or L(levo), dextro pointing to the right and levo pointing to the left

The secondary structure of protein consist of I. alpha helix II. Beta sheet III. Beta bend

I. alpha helix II. Beta sheet III. Beta bend

``` Beta oxidation of fatty acids occurs in the A. Cytosol B. Mitochondria C. Endoplasmic reticulum D. Ribosomes ```

B. Mitochondria

``` Rotation of polarized light is caused by the solution of all the following amino acids except A. alanine B. glycine C. leucine D. valine ```

B. glycine

A purine replaces another purine in ___________ mutations.

transitional

This rare human disorder, which progresses to photosensitivity, caused by an inherited excinuclease deficiency.

xeroderma pigmentosa

This is known as the Embden-Meyerhof pathway

Glycolysis

The cholesterol molecule is_______

a steroid

``` Which of the following is/are example/s of essential amino acids? A. tyrosine B. threonine C. tryptophan D. Both a and b E. both b and c ```

E. both b and c

``` This is also known as the RNA-directed DNA polymerase A. RNA polymerase II B. Reverse transcriptase C. DNA polymerase alpha D. DNA polymerase II ```

B. Reverse transcriptase

``` This is the phenomena of renaturation of nucleic acid after it has been subjected to high then to room temperature A. Hydrolysis B. Polymerase chain reaction C. annealing D. hybridization ```

C. annealing

This type of mutation occurs when the codon containing the changed base may become a termination codon

nonsense mutation

ID test to detect the presence of glycogen

Iodine

The result of a point mutation that occurs when UCA (coding for serine) is converted to UCU (also coding for serine) is called

silent mutation

Albumin is an example of a

simple protein

The clinical test for the determination of cholesterol

Liebermann Burchard | Salkowski

Process of converting liver glycogen into blood glucose

glycogenolysis

The enzyme for glycolysis are found in the

cytosol

``` This is the final electron receptor of the electron transport chain A. Complex I B. Complex II C. Complex V D. Complex IV ```

D. Complex IV

This enzyme adds hydrogen atoms to a molecule

reductase

None- protein molecules that are often associated with proteins called

prosthetic group

``` It is the building block of essential fatty acids A. Malonyl CoA B. phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate C. Acetyl CoA D. HMG CoA ```

C. Acetyl CoA

Which of the following are the branched-chain amino acids responsible for the characteristic “sweet smell of the urine of patients with “Maple syrup urine disease”

leucine, isoleucine and valine

The proteinase that is found mostly in the gastric acid juice of young animals

Chymosin (rennin)

``` Alpha-naphtol reaction is also known as A. Molisch’s test B. Ninhydrin test C. Phenylhydrazine test D. Fehling’s test ```

A. Molisch’s test

``` Tertiary structures of proteins are primarily stabilized by? I. H-bonds II. Hydrophobic interactions III. Ionic bonds IV. Disulfide bonds ```

II. Hydrophobic interactions | IV. Disulfide bonds

Which of the following causes hemolytic anemia in patients with G6PD deficiency? I. oxidant ring II. Ingestion of fava beans III. Certain types of infections

I, II & III

``` mong the different cells in the body, only these lack mitochondria which renders them incapable of TCA. A. platelets B. leukocytes C. erythrocytes D. brain cells ```

C. erythrocytes

Genetic information is stored and carried in all cells by

double stranded DNA

The parent compound of phospholipids

phosphatidic acid

Which of the following is not about PKU? A. It is a disease usually characterized by metal abnormalities B. A high concentration of phenylpyruvic acid is found in the urine C. It occurs due to excessive secretion of phylalanine hydroxylase enzyme D. A Guthrie test is normally used to detect it

C. It occurs due to excessive secretion of phylalanine hydroxylase enzyme

``` Some serum enzymes are used in clinical diagnosis. Which of the following enzyme/s may be used to diagnose myocardial infarction? I. gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase II. AST or SGOT III. Creatine phosphokinase IV. Lactate dehydrogenase ```

II. AST or SGOT III. Creatine phosphokinase IV. Lactate dehydrogenase

Specific test for arginine

Sakaguchi

``` One way of classifying proteins through their physical properties. Which of the following is soluble in water and salt solutions, and has no distinctive amino acids? A. prolamine B. globulin C. albumin D. histones ```

C. albumin

Which of the following is not true regarding the four enzyme complexes of the electron transport chain? A. Complex I is known as the NADH-CoQ Oxidoreductases B. Complex II is known as Succinate-CoQ Oxidoreductases C. Complex III is known as Cytochrome Oxidase D. Complex IV is known as Cytochrome Oxidase

C. Complex III is known as Cytochrome Oxidase

The pairs of structure that are mirror images of each other are known as

Enantiomers

Anaerobic glycolysis occurs in the________

cytoplasm

``` Arrange the following secondary derived proteins from highest to lowest molecular weight. A. peptides>peptones>proteoses B. proteoses>peptides>peptones C. proteoses>peptones>peptides D. peptones>proteoses>peptides ```

C. proteoses>peptones>peptides

Viruses are not cellular, but are rather termed as “biological entities”. The main reason why viruses are considered acellular entities is because? A. A virus contains only one type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA B. A virus is very small compared to bacteria C. A virus is pathogenic D. Scientist can not classify viruses under the 5 kingdoms Whittaker

A. A virus contains only one type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA

These are discontinuous stretches in which the lagging strand is initially synthesized during DNA replication.

Okazaki fragments

The small and circular extrachromosomal DNA molecules that carry genetic information for future generations in bacteria are known as

plasmids

``` Which of the following sugars form insoluble phenylhydrazone readily? A. sucrose B. galactose C. arabinose D. mannose ```

D. mannose

The best known building blocks of RNA and DNA are A. purinase B. pyrimidines C. fatty acids D. a and b

A. purinase | B. pyrimidines

Which of the following nitrogenous bases is present only in the DNA?

Thymine

α-helix and β-pleated sheet belongs to what structure?

Secondary

``` Which of the following is NOT a hydrolyzed product of lecithins? A. fatty acid B. glycerol C. phosphoric acid D. sphingosine ```

D. sphingosine

``` Rotation of polarized light is caused by solutions of all the following amino acids except: A. alanine B. glycine C. leucine D. valine ```

B. glycine

``` Mutarotation is a process of interconversion between tha alpha and beta forms, using the open-chain structure as an intermediate. Which of the following undergoes mutarotation? A. monosaccharides B. disaccharides C. polysaccharide D. amino acids ```

A. monosaccharides

The chief end product of purine metabolism in man

uric acid

The isoelctric point is the: A. pH where the alpha amino acid exist in its negatively charged form B. pH wherein the amino acid exist in zwitterionic form C. Temperature at which the amino acid denatures D. Pressure at which the amino acid hydrolyzes

B. pH wherein the amino acid exist in zwitterionic form

Which of the following is called transamination? A. Conversion of amino acids to hydroxyl groups B. Conversion of amino acids to keto acids C. Loss of ammonia from amino acids D. Formation of ammonium salts from ammonia

B. Conversion of amino acids to keto acids

``` Which of the following amino acids contain/s basic side chains? A. Histidine B. arginine C. leucine D. All of the above E. only a and b ```

E. only a and b

Which of the following enzymes is most important in controlling glycolysis?

PFK

``` The observance of a red colored solution in Seliwanoff’s test detects the presence of ______________. A. Aldoses B. Ketohexoses C. Pentoses D. Saccharides ```

B. Ketohexoses

Which of the following statement is true when fats and fixed oils are heated strongly? A. fats liquefy B. oils becomes less viscous C. decomposition occurs accompanied by the production of acrid flammable vapors D. any of the above

C. decomposition occurs accompanied by the production of acrid flammable vapors

This is differentiating test for aldose and ketose sugars.

Seliwanoff’s test

Which of the following statements is/are true? A. Unsaturated fatty acids have lower melting points than saturated fatty acids B. Vegetable oils are generally liquid C. Vegetable oils are generally solid D. Both a and b E. Both b and c

E. Both b and c

``` This feature of bacterial cells confers selectivity of antibacterial agents targeting protein synthesis to the bacteria and not to the host cell. A. mRNA B. 40s ribosomal subunit C. lack of cell wall D. 30s ribosomal subunit ```

D. 30s ribosomal subunit

This refers to the spatial arrangements of amino acid residues close to one another in the linear sequence of a polypeptide chain.

secondary

``` Which carbon in the sugars is responsible for the difference between the two nucleic acids? A. carbon-1 B. carbon-2 C. carbon-3 D. none of the above ```

B. carbon-2

These stereoisomers are nonsuperimposable mirror image of each other. They are also called optical isomers because they rotate polarized light in opposite directions.

enantiomers

The number of chromosomes in the human cell is

This DNA mutation occurs when a purine replaces a pyrimidine or vice versa

transversional

``` Nucleosides upon hydrolysis will yield A. adenine + phosphate B. quinine + phosphate C. histones + ribose D. cytosine + ribose ```

D. cytosine + ribose

What important neurotransmitter uses tryptophan as its precursor?

serotonin

In humans, the principle storage of glycogen is found in the I. skeletal muscle II. Liver III. Spleen

I. skeletal muscle | II. Liver

The arrangement of polypeptide chains in relation to one another in a multi-chained protein refers to what structure?

Quaternary

``` Which of the following is NOT recommended to treat hypoglycemia induced by acarbose? A. dextrose B. table sugar C. glucagon D. glucose ```

B. table sugar

Which of the following acts synergistically with Vitamin E? A. Se C. Co B. Co D.Mn

A. Se

How many ATPs are produced for every oxidized acetyl CoA?

This is a general test for carbohydrates

- alpha-napthol reaction | - Molisch’s test

``` This is a quantitative study of the energy transformationsin the living cell A. Bioenergetics B. Thermodynamics C. Proteonomics D. Metabolomics ```

A. Bioenergetics

``` Which of the following agents acts as an emulsifying agent for metabolism of lipid in the duodenum? A. gastric lipase B. bile salt C. pancreatic juice D. secretion ```

B. bile salt

``` It is regarded as the universal biological energy currency A. Adenosine triphosphate B. Guanosine triphosphate C. Uncouplers D. Calories ```

A. Adenosine triphosphate

This is caused by the inadequate intake of protein in the presence of adequate intake of calories.

Kwashoirkor

Which of the fallowing statements about amino acids is true? A .Acidic amino acids bear a positive charge at pH 7.0 B. all amino acids have chiral carbon. C. lysine and arginine are basic amino acids. D. all of the above.

C. lysine and arginine are basic amino acids.

The cell markers which serve as basis for he ABO blood types are classified as what type of biopolymers?

carbohydrates

D-threose and L-threose are examples of

enantiomers

These are lipids that contain carbohydrate ( galactose or glucose), one fatty acid and sphingosine, but no phosphoric acid and glycerol.

cerebrosides

mportant structural material found in the exoskeletons of many lower animals

Chitin

``` The most accepted hypothesis regarding oxidative phosphorylation is A. Chemical coupling B. Conformational coupling C. Chemiostatic hypothesis D. Lock and Key Theory E. Diffusion ```

C. Chemiostatic hypothesis

``` This test distinguishes between reducing sugar monosaccharides and reducing disaccharides based on the difference in the rate of reaction. A. Barfoed’s test B. Benedict’s test C. Osazone test D. Mucic acid test ```

A. Barfoed’s test

Trimetophrim and Methotrexate are folate reductase inhibitors. The use of the aforementioned drugs predisposes a person to develop:

megaloblastic anemia

Ninhydrin is widely used for detecting amino acids. What is the visible result for ninhydrin test in the presence of proline and hydroxyproline?

Yellow

``` This is the product of basic hydrolysis of fats and oils A. fatty acid B. triacylglycerol C. soap D. detergent ```

C. soap

IUPAC name of "acrolein"

propenal

``` Biuret test forms ______ colored complex with cupric ion in basic solutions of compounds with 2 or more peptide bonds. A. green B. red C. violet D. yellow ```

C. violet

``` Which of the following amino acids possess a phenolic hydroxyl group? A. serine B. threonine C. tyrosine D. A and B only E. All of the above ```

C. tyrosine

``` Which of the following is/are example/s of catabolism? A. glycogenesis B. glycolysis C. beta oxidation of fatty acids D. both a and b E. both b and c ```

E. both b and c

In all phosphorylation reaction, this metal is an essential cofactor.

Which of the following are essential fatty acids in humans? I. Linoleic acid II. Linoleic acid III. Arachidonic acid

I. Linoleic acid II. Linoleic acid III. Arachidonic acid

``` The group of lipids is considered amphipathic A. sterols B. fatty acids C. trans-fatty acids D. phospholipids ```

D. phospholipids

Using equation of pI, calculate the pI( isoelctric pH) of alanine. pK1(R-COOH)= 2.35;pK2 (R-NH3+)=9.69

6.02

Which of the following blood types is considered as the universal donor?

Principal digestive constituent of the gastric juice

Pepsin

``` Which of the following is normally NOT found in the bacterial bit present in human cells? A. golgi body B. mitochondria C. lysosome D. endoplasmic reticulum ```

B. mitochondria

``` Bond between 2 amino acids A. Glycosidic bond B. N-glycosyl linkage C. Peptide Bond D. Hydrogen bond ```

C. Peptide Bond

``` Glucose and galactose differ only in the configuration of their hydroxyl group at carbon 4. Glucose and galactose are A. diastereomers B. enantiomers C. epimers D. anomers ```

C. epimers

The non sugar portion of glycosides is known as

Aglycone | Genin

The energy producing reaction

catabolic

In an uncompetitive inhibition of enzymatic action: A. Inhibitor binds either to the free enzyme or the enzyme substrate complex B. Lineweaver-Burk plots of the enzyme alone (control) & the enzyme + inhibitor are parallel to each other C. The apparent Km is raised D. The Vmax is unaffected

B. Lineweaver-Burk plots of the enzyme alone (control) & the enzyme + inhibitor are parallel to each other

The steps of central state

replication, transcription and translation

The absence of this enzyme results to phenylketonuria

phenylalanine hydroxylase

Fibrous and globular proteins belong to what protein structure?

Tertiary

``` The enzyme decarboxylase is an example of _________ enzyme. A. hydrolase B. ligase C. racemase D. lyase ```

D. lyase

After digestion and absorption, all biopolymers are converted to the common product________.

Acetyl-CoA

How many hydrogen bond is formed between cytosine and guanine?

``` The growth of bacteria remains constant in which of the fallowing phase? A.Lag phase B.Log phase C.stationary phase D.decline phase ```

C.stationary phase

``` The end product in the hydrolysis of glycogen is A. galactose B. mannose C. glucose D. arabinose ```

C. glucose

``` What two enzymes are used to bypass the pyruvate kinase reaction of glycolysis? I. pyruvate carboxylase II. PEP carboxykinase III. Fructose biphosphatase IV. Glucose-6-phosphate ```

I. pyruvate carboxylase | II. PEP carboxykinase

The total net ATP produced in aerobic glycolysis is _____ ATPs per mole of hexose, depending on which shuttle predominates in the transport NAD/NADH.

6-8

``` It is the most abundant hexose inside the body A. L-glucose B. D-glucose C. L-ribose D. D ribose ```

B. D-glucose

``` Which of the following ions is co-transported with glucose in the small intestine? A. K B. Na C. Ca D. Mg ```

B. Na

When the transfer of genetic information from one cell to another cell is carried out by the plasmid, it is known as_______

conjuction (conjugation)

Which of the following about sickle cell anemia is NOT true? A. It is a genetic disorder resulting from the production of variant hemoglobin B. It is characterized with pain, life long hemolytic anemia and tissue hypoxia C. The replacement of leucine at the sixth position of the beta-globulin chain for glutamate is generally responsible for causing it. D. The form Hbs has an extremely low solubility compared to Hba which results into the aggregation of molecules that form or create sickle shaped red blood cells.

C. The replacement of leucine at the sixth position of the beta-globulin chain for glutamate

Pauly diazo test indicates the presence of

Histidine | Tyrosine

This is the major excretory product of purine nucleotides A. inosine monophosphate B. uric acid C. methylmalonyl CoA D. tetrahydrofolate

B. uric acid

Which of the following is not true about protein structure determination? A. NMR is the primary means of determining protein structure B. Protein are difficult to crystallize, a disadvantage of x-ray crystallography C. An advantage of the use of the NMR is that proteins analyzed are in their natural state D. Large and very complex proteins can only be analyzed by x-ray crystallography

A. NMR is the primary means of determining protein structure

Pepsinogen is an example of

Zymogen

``` Among the fibrous protein listed below, which are the major proteins of the skin and hair? A. keratin B. collagen C. elastin D. fibronectin ```

A. keratin

What diet would you advice the child’s mother with PKU to give to her baby?

rich in tyrosine, lacks phenylalanine

The reagent present in Molisch test which is responsible for the dehydration reaction

sulfuric acid

Which of the following enzymes is a rate limiting step in glycogenolysis?

glycogen phosphorylase

How many ATPs are produced in the reduction of one mole of NAD to NADH?

Which of the following substance levels is found to be deficient in a patient G6PD deficiency?

glutathione in reduced form

Which of the following codons are generally known as stop or non sense codons? I. UAG II. UGA III. UAA

I. UAG II. UGA III. UAA

``` Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome which can cause acute confusion, ataxia and opthalmoplegia, can be treated with which of the following? A. riboflavin B. ascorbic acid C. thiamine D. pantothenic acid ```

C. thiamine

``` Which of the following helps in absorption of vitamin B12 ? A. erythropoietin B. intrinsic factor C. hemoglobin D. apoferritin ```

B. intrinsic factor

Maltose, a disaccharide is composed of_______

glucose + glucose

``` What essential amino acid is used in the synthesis of niacin? A. Tyrosine B. Methionine C. tryptophan D. Phenylalanine ```

C. tryptophan

``` Which of the following amino acids has an imino group? A. phenylalanine B. proline C. tyrosine D. threonine ```

Proline

he deficiency of which of the following enzymes predisposes persons taking some therapeutic agents (e.g. 4 aminoquinolone, sulfinamides, and propanthelin) to hemolytic anemia?

glucose-6-phosphate

``` The following are glycolipids except: A. globosides B. phosphatides C. gangliosides D. cerebrosides ```

B. phosphatides

Detect the presence of alpha amino acids

Ninhydrin

``` Ketoses can be differentiated from aldose by this test A Molisch’s test B. Benedict’s test C. Seliwanoff’s test D. Tollen’s test ```

C. Seliwanoff’s test

Which of the following statements is/are correct? I. Although cocoa butter is vegetable oil, it is solid at room temperature II. Although cocoa butter is an animal fat, it is liquid at room temperature III. Although cod liver is animal fat, it is liquid in room temperature IV. Although cod liver oil is vegetable oil, it is solid at room temperature

I. Although cocoa butter is vegetable oil, it is solid at room temperature III. Although cod liver is animal fat, it is liquid in room temperature

This is the main pathway for carbohydrate catabolism in all human tissues.

glycolysis

The breakdown of complex molecules such as protein, lipid and polysaccharide into simple molecules such as carbon dioxide, water and ammonia is known as

catabolic reaction

``` Is the sum total of all activities directed towards the maintenance of life A. catabolism B. anabolism C. metabolism D. photosynthesis E. fermentation ```

C. metabolism

What would be the end product of glycolysis in the cell with mitochondria?

pyruvate

``` Which of the following is the central hub in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and amino acids? A. glycolysis B. pentose phosphate pathway C. beta oxidation D. citric acid cycle ```

D. citric acid cycle

his immunoglobulin is responsible for mediating hypersensitivity by causing the release of mediators from mast cells and basophils upon exposure to antigens or allergens

IgE

This type of enzyme cleaves a carbon to carbon bond to create an aldehyde group

Aldolase

Which of the following statements is/are true? A. The carbonyl carbon in aldoses is carbon 1 B. The carbonyl carbon in aldoses is carbon 2 C. both statements are correct D. both statements are false

A. The carbonyl carbon in aldoses is carbon 1

Dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine are collectively called catecholamines. Which of the following amino acids serves as a precursor in the synthesis of these catecholamines?

tyrosine

What is the positive visible result for xanthoproteic test?

yellow color deepening into orange

Specific test for galactose, due to formation of highly insoluble crystals

mucic test

``` The isoelectric pH is the pH midway between pK values on either side o the electric process. Which of the following equations gives an accurate estimate to isoelectric pH? A.pl=pK1=pK2 B. pl=(pK1+pK2) / 2 C.pl=(pK1+pK2) x 2 D. pl=pK1>pK2 ```

B. pl=(pK1+pK2) / 2

``` The chemical representation shows the most stable conformation of hexoaldopyranoses A. Fischer projection B. Boat conformation C. Haworth Formula D. Chair conformation ```

D. Chair conformation

``` These are slightly longer, catalytically inactive forms of enzymes. A. apoenzyme B. zymogen C. holoenzyme D. both a and b ```

B. zymogen

Random coils and triple helices are examples of what protein structure?

Secondary

``` Keratin in hair and horny tissue, elastin in tendons and arteries, and collagen in skin and tendons belong to what type of simple proteins? A. glutelins B. histones C. protamines D. albuminoids ```

D. albuminoids

``` Which of the fallowing is a codon for methionine? A.UAG B.AUG C.UGA D.UAA ```

B.AUG

``` The digestion of carbohydrates begins in the________. A. mouth B. stomach C. small intestine D. duodenum ```

A. mouth

Cheilosis, glossitis, seborrhea and photophobia are manifestations of what deficiency state?

riboflavin

``` This level of protein structure is applicable only to those have several subunits A. Primary B. Secondary C. Tertiary D. Quaternary ```

D. Quaternary

``` The activation of plasminogen requires A. NaOH B. bicarbonate C. acetic acid D. HCl ```

D. HCl

``` Which of the following is/are point mutations? A. insertion B. deletion C. Transition D. all of the above E. only a and b ```

D. AOTA

Which of the following includes the main goals of Pentose Phosphate Pathway? I. produce ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis II. produce NADPH and NADP for oxidoreductive biochemical synthesis III. to interconvert pentoses and hexoses

I. produce ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis II. produce NADPH and NADP for oxidoreductive biochemical synthesis III. to interconvert pentoses and hexoses

How many ATPs are produced in the conversion of one mole FADH2 to FAD?

The signs of pellagra include dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia (three D’s) and loss of tongue papillae. Which of the following is/ are deficient in pellagra? A. niacin B. tryptophan C. both a and b D. Pellagra is not a deficiency state. It is an autoimmune disorder

C. both a and b

Which of the following accurately describes Barfoed’s test? A. general test for carbohydrates B. test for ketoses C. specific test for galactose D. test to differentiate mono and disaccharides

D. test to differentiate mono and disaccharides

Type of RNA which serves as a template for the amino acids sequence being synthesized

mRNA

Gangliosides, cerebrosides and cytolipins are collectively called __________.

glycolipids

This test is also known glyoxylic acid reaction

Hopkin’s cole

This gives a negative result to Benedict’s test.

sucrose

Xanthoproteic test is for:

tyrosine

Which of the following factors affect the solubility of solutes? I. temperature II. pH III. Common ion effects

I. temperature II. pH III. Common ion effects

``` Glucose and mannose are epimers at: A. Carbon 4 B. Carbon 2 C. Carbon 3 D. Carbon 5 ```

B. Carbon 2

The sugar that yields only glucose when hydrolyzed is

maltose

``` Myoglobin and hemoglobin possess a cyclic tetrapyrole, heme, as a prothetic group. Which of the following is found centrally located in the heme? A. Mg B. Al C. Fe D. P ```

C. Fe

Which of the following is a good source of Vitamin K? A. cabbage and cauliflower B. fatty fish and liver C. vegetable oils D. yellow and green vegetables and fruits

A. cabbage and cauliflower

``` When starches are heated they produce A. Sugars B. Glycogen C. dextrin D. disaccharides ```

C. dextrin

``` Which of the following is a polysaccharide? A. dextrose B. dextran C. lactose D. sucrose ```

B. dextran

What is the positive visible result for Liebermann-Burchard test?

bluish-green color

``` Sweet taste of a compound is generally attributed to A. presence of H ions B. presence of OH ions C. presence of cations and anions D. presence of alkaloids ```

B. presence of OH ions

What type of glycosidic bond joins the dimmer of glucose to form maltose?

α- 1, 4

Each end of the DNA double helix contains 5’ end of one strand and the 3; end of the other strand----- this statement describes what characteristic of the DNA structure?

Anti-parallel

A condition known as atherosclerosis results as an accumulation in the blood vessels

cholesterol

The denaturation of protein can occur in the presence of I. heat II. strong acid III. organic solvents

I. heat II. strong acid III. organic solvents

What is the positive result for Fehling’s test?

brick red precipitate

``` Conjugated proteins which are a combination of amino acids and carbohydrates A. nucleoproteins B. glycoproteins C. phosphoproteins D. chromoproteins ```

B. glycoproteins

__________stereoisomers of cyclized monosaccharide molecules differing only in configuration of the substituents on the carbonyl group.

anomers

hich of the following RNA types comprises 80% of RNA in the cell? I. Ribosomal RNA II. Transfer RNA III. Messenger RNA

I. Ribosomal RNA

Which of the following factors affect the protein binding drugs? I. pregnancy II. Hypoalbuminemia III. Uremia

I. pregnancy II. Hypoalbuminemia III. Uremia

``` The sugar involved in the DNA A. ribose B. Pentose C. deoxyribose D. xylose ```

C. deoxyribose

These are organelles that contain the enzymes for pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, beta oxidation, oxidative phosphorylation, and ETC

mitochondria

``` Which of the following is the rate limiting step in synthesis of RBC? A. availability of pre-erythrocytes B. availability of hemoglobin C. oxygen transport capacity D. presence of erythropoietin ```

C. oxygen transport capacity

These are esters of glycerol in combination with fatty acid, phosphoric acid and certain nitrogenous compounds.

phospholipids

``` These are compounds related to cerebrosides that contain sphingsine, long chain fatty acids, hexoses (usually galactose or glucose) and neuramic acid A. cephalins B. gangliosides C. cytolipins D. lecithins ```

B. gangliosides

``` Which of he following are purine bases? A. adenine and thymine B. adenine and guanine C. cytosine and thymine D. cytosine and uracil ```

B. adenine and guanine

Lecithin is an example of

phospholipids

Glucose is normally absent in the urine because kidneys normally completely reabsorb all glucose. Which of the following is true? A. Glucosuria confirms diabetes mellitus B. Glucosuria necessarily means hyperglycemia C. Glucosuria is solely attributed to insulin problem D. Glucosuria may occur in other disease states

D. Glucosuria may occur in other disease states

This test is used to confirm the presence of the phenolic ring of tyrosine

Millon-Nasse

This results from the oxidation of heme protein in hemoglobin resulting to increased oxygen affinity, and therefore failure to adequately deliver oxygen to tissue

methemoglobinemia

``` The pentose phosphate pathway occur in the ________ of the liver, muscle and kidney. A. Cytosol B. Mitochondria C. Endoplasmic reticulum D. Ribosomes ```

C. Endoplasmic reticulum

This immunoglobulin prevents the attachment of bacteria and viruses to mucous membranes. It is found in body secretions suchas tears, colostrum, saliva, sweat and small intestines.

IgA

``` Which vitamin can be used in the management of hyperlipidemia? A. Thiamine B. Riboflavin C. Niacin D. Panthotenic acid ```

C. Niacin

his refers to aldose-ketose interconversion

tautomerization

The DNA structure is a double helix containing chains which are complementary. Which of the following statements best describes complementarity? A. In the chains, each end of the helix contains the 5’ and of one strand and the 3’ end of the other. B. Adenine binds to thymine, and cytosine binds to guanine C. Several codons may code for the same amino acid D. All of the above

B. Adenine binds to thymine, and cytosine binds to guanine

``` Which of the following hormones promotes rapid glycogenolysis in both liver and muscle A. ACTH B. Glutemine C. Epinephrine D. Prolactin ```

C. Epinephrine

Hopkin’s cole is used to identify which of the following amino acids?

tryptophan

Which properly describes a liposome? A. It is a hollow sphere-like structure composed of a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous cavity B. It is a lipid structure wherein the hydrophobic chains of the fatty acids are sequestered at the core of the sphere with virtually no water in the hydrophobic interior C. It is a lipoprotein integrated in the phosphopolipid bilayer of the cell membranes D. It is a hollow sphere-like structure composed of a lipid monolayer enclosing a hrdrophobic cavity

A. It is a hollow sphere-like structure composed of a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous cavity

Which of the following substances should be classified as a polysaccharide? A. glucose B. hyaluronic acid C. sucrose D. glycoprotein

B. hyaluronic acid

The following are pathological constituents of urine, except: A. glucose B. albumin C. creatinine D. blood

C. creatinine

Which of the following enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the reaction of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate?

Hexokinase

``` The following are enzymes found in the pancreatic juice, except: A. papain B. trypsin C. chymotrypsin D. carboxypolypeptidase ```

Papain

Which of the following enzymes is an example of hydrolases? A. esterase B. racemase C. aminotransferase D. decarboxylase

A. esterase

The substance that is isolated from the brain and produces fatty acid, galactose and sphingosine upon hydrolysis is known as

glycolipids

``` Which of the following is/are examples of glycosaminoglycans? A. hyaluronic acid B. mucopolysaccharides C. chondroitin sulfate D. all of the above E. only a and c ```

D. all of the above

Glycogen is an example of a (what sugar)?

polysaccharide

The process in which the release of energy rich molecules such as glucose and fatty acid ocuurs in mitochondria is known as

oxidative phosphorylation

``` This is the process of biosynthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors A. glycolysis B. glycogenesis C. gluconeogenesis D. glycogenolysis ```

C. gluconeogenesis

The ability of certain anticodons to pair with codons that differ at the third base

Wobble

``` One important endogenous molecule for synthetic biotransformation of xenobiotics is glucoronic acid. It is actually the most dominant conjugative biotransformation pathway due to the readily available source of glucose. It is produce from glucose via: A. Oxidation at carbon 1 B. Oxidation at carbon 2 C. Oxidation at carbon 6 D. Oxidation at carbon 1 & 6 ```

C. Oxidation at carbon 6

``` Which of the following test is specific for amino acids and free amino group? A. Biuret test B. Hopin’s cole test C. Ninhydrin test D. Xanthoproteic test ```

C. Ninhydrin test

``` Which is not a B-complex vitamin? A. folic acid B. nicotinic acid C. riboflavin D. ascorbic acid ```

D. ascorbic acid

``` Which biomolecule is not considered a biopolymer? A. Proteins B. Lipids C. Carbohydrates D. Nucleic acids E. Fat ```

B. Lipids

``` Histamine, a chemical messenger mediates allergic and inflammatory reactions, gastric acid secretion and neurotransmission of the brain. Which of the following amino acids, which when decarboxylated yields histamine? A. tyrosine B. histidine C. tryptophan D. any of the above ```

B. histidine

``` Which of the following is a good source of Vitamin A? A. cod liver oil B. carrots C. citrus fruits D. leafy vegetables ```

B. carrots

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the secondary structure of nucleic acids? I. Guanine forms base pairs with cytosine via 2 hydrogen bonds II. The B form of the DNA is the most common in biological systems III. The breaking of H-bonds caused by high temperature is called melting

II. The B form of the DNA is the most common in biological systems III. The breaking of H-bonds caused by high temperature is called melting

General term for a group of polysaccharides present on the primary cell wall

Pectin

The principal energy-carrying molecule in a cell is_____

ATP

This hormone may sometimes be useful in the reversal of cardiac effects of beta-blocker overdose because of its ability to increase cAMP production in the heart.

glucagon

The glycosidic bond formed in glycosides is an example of

Ether bond

``` Which of the following enzymes adds an inorganic phosphate to break a bond? A. kinase B. phosphorylase C. phosphatase D. ligase ```

B. phosphorylase

The coenzyme FMN and FAD is responsiblefor the oxidative deamination of amino acids. Which of the following vitamins is related to these coenzymes? A. B1 C. B3 B. B2 D. B5

B. B2

``` Denaturation is a randomization of the conformation of a polypeptide chain. Chemical agents like strong acids or bases, heat, ionic detergents, etc. are involved in this process. Which of the following structures remain unaffected with denaturation? I. Primary II. Secondary III. Tertiary IV. Quaternary ```

I. Primary

``` The color of the skin, hair and eyes is due to a pigment called A. cytochrome B. melanine C. keratin D. heparin ```

B. melanine

``` Serotonin is synthesized from this amino acid A. tryptophan B. threonine C. tyrosine D. alanine ```

A. tryptophan

``` What test can be used to differentiate galactose from lactose? A. Benedict’s test B. Iodine test C. Barfoed’s test D. Mucic acid test ```

C. Barfoed’s test

``` Which of the following is a building block of membrane of nerve tissue? A. prostaglandin B. sphingomyelin C. thromboxane D. leukotriene ```

B. sphingomyelin

``` Which of the fallowing amino acids is not essential in mammals? A.Phenylalanine B.lysine C.Tyrosine D.methionine ```

C.Tyrosine

``` Which of hydrolysis product of starch is responsible for forming a dark blue complex with iodine? A. amylopectin B. amylase C. maltose D. all of the above ```

B. amylase

This is the main pathway for carbohydrate catabolism in all human tissues.

glycolysis

The normal pH of the blood

7.4-7.45

``` Cellular elements of the blood devoid of nucleus A. RBC B. WBC C. thrombocytes D. all of the above ```

A. RBC

``` Deoxyribonucleic acid is a double stranded polynucleotide. The base content of DNA displays three sets of equivalent pairs. Which of the following are equivalent base pairs? I. A=T II. C=G III. A+G=T+C IV. A+G is not always equal to T + C ```

I. A=T II. C=G III. A+G=T+C

The state of high serum levels of acetoacetic acid and beta-hydroxybutyric acid is called

ketonemia

This is the deposition of lipid plaques on the lining of the arteries

atherosclerosis

``` The following sugars are aldohexoses except A. fructose B. galactose C. glucose D. mannose ```

A. fructose

These are esters of high molecular weight, monohydric alcohols and high molecular weight fatty acids.

waxes

The rate of hydrolysis depends on I. pressure II. pH of the solution III. Temperature

II. pH of the solution | III. Temperature

Which of the followingis considered protein deficient malnuturition? I. Kwashiorkor II. Marasmus III. Steatorrhea

I. Kwashiorkor | II. Marasmus

``` Actinomycin D, an antineoplastic drug, intercalates between two GC pairs in DNA. Which of the following processes does it inhibit? A. translation B. transcription C. DNA repair D. replication ```

B. transcription

Which of the following statements below gives an accurate description of collagen? A. It is fibrous protein B. The basic unit of collagen is tropocollagen, a triple helix of three polypeptide chain C. Vitamin A is important in catalyzing the hydroxylation of prolin D. All of the above E. Only A and B

E. Only A and B

``` This term refers to an intact enzyme with a bound co-facor. A. holoenzyme B. apoenzyme C. zymogen D. prosthetic group ```

A. holoenzyme

Butter becomes rancid upon exposure to air due to formation of

butyric acid

Which of the following statements is/are correct? I. The difference between intake and output of nitrogenous compounds is known as hydrogen balance II. In a healthy adult, nitrogen balance is in equilibrium when intake equals output III. Positive nitrogen balance occurs when dietary intake is less then excretion of nitrogenous compounds IV. Negative nitrogen balance results when there is too much protein intake

I. The difference between intake and output of nitrogenous compounds is known as hydrogen balance II. In a healthy adult, nitrogen balance is in equilibrium when intake equals output

This substance accumulates in the muscles as a result of vigorous exercise:

lactic acid

Which one is true regarding the structures of lipids? A. Eicosanopentanoic acid is a saturated fatty acid B. They may exist as esters of cholesterol when they are enclosed in very low density C. Linoleic acid is an omega-3 fatty acid D. Capric acid contains 12 carbons

C. Linoleic acid is an omega-3 fatty acid

``` This is the genetic condition characterized by deficiency of the enzyme branched chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase A. Maple syrup disease B. Hartnup disease C. Kwashiorkor D. Marasmus ```

A. Maple syrup disease

This is the product of the complete reduction of oxygen

water

``` All of the following carbohydrates are considered to be polysaccharide, except: A. heparin B. starch C. glycogen D. maltose ```

D. maltose

These are alcohols containing the CPPP nucleus

sterols

The spontaneous isomerization of two stereoisomers in aqueous solution that causes specific rotation is known as

mutarotation

This is also known as protein-calorie malnutrition. It is a state resulting from the chronic deficiency of calories, which can occur even in the presence of adequate intake of protein

marasmus

These are esters of fatty acid and glycerol

fixed oil and fats

The synthesis of proteins and lipids in cells is generally carried out by

endoplasmic reticulum

``` Which fibrous protein is an important structural component of arterial blood vessels and ligaments. A. keratin B. collagen C. elastin D. fibronectin ```

C. elastin

This is the reason why blood AB is considered as the universal recipient. A. It is the most common among the ABO blood types B. Blood type AB has neither A nor B substances C. Blood type AB has either anti-A nor anti-B antibodies D. All of the above

C. Blood type AB has either anti-A nor anti-B antibodies

Which is most likely the effect of insulin in glucose metabolism A. It promotes lipolysis in adipose tissue B. It promotes exocytosis of glucose transporters in the skeletal muscles C. Activates protein kinase A which eventually leads to inactivation of pyruvate kinase D. It promotes the hormonal role of glucagon in glucose metabolism

B. It promotes exocytosis of glucose transporters in the skeletal muscles

``` In xanthoproteic test, proteins with aromatic amino acids undergo _________ to give an intense yellow colored solution in alkaline media. A. condensation B. Acetylation C. nitration D. oxidation ```

C. nitration

To find out if a substance carcinogenic, which of the following test should be performed? I. Ames Test II. Pyrogen Test III. Biopsy of cells

I. Ames Test

Glutamine is a ___________ amino acid

neutral

``` Which of the following is an example of waxes? A. cholesterol B. ergosterol C. spermaceti D. lecithin ```

spermaceti

``` Upon hydrolysis sucrose yields A. glucose and galactose B. xylose and glucose C. fructose and glucose D. 2 glucose units ```

C. fructose and glucose

Humans catabolize purine to__________.

uric acid

The principal end product of protein metabolism

urea

The enzyme alpha-amylase cleaves________ to maltose and maltriose

amylase

What is the visible result for aminoguanidine reaction?

bright reddish purple

``` The cellular particles are often referred y their sedimentation coefficient value, for example 70s ribosomes that is expressed in terms of 10 -13 seconds. The abbreviation “s” stands for A. subunit B. Seconds C. Svedberg D. None of the above ```

C. Svedberg

Ascorbic acid, glucoronides, and some drugs act as reducing agents. How would these substances affect Benedict’s test result?

They may give false positive result

Arginine is the only metabolite of the urea cycle that does not accumulate because A. It is readily excreted B. It is used up by the body for protein synthesis C. There is no known deficiency in the enzyme that catabolizes it D. It can be acquired from food

B. It is used up by the body for protein synthesis

``` Glucose, fructose and galactose all have the same chemical formula C6H12O6, through this information, we can conclude that these substances are A. Anomers B. Epimers C. enatiomers D. isomers ```

D. isomers

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