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HAP test 1 > Biochemistry and Metabolism > Flashcards

Biochemistry and Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is biochemistry?

A

Biochemistry is the study of the processes and substances that occur within living organisms

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2
Q

What are macronutrients

A

Macronutrients are the essential nutrients our body needs, they are the nutrients we need in large amounts in our diets.

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3
Q

The main function of carbohydrates in the human body is

A

to provide ATP

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4
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

A disaccaride are two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond. All disaccharides are formed by glucose joined by a chemical bond to another monosaccharide.

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4
Q

What are monosaccharides and what are the three main ones?

A

Monosaccharides are simple sugars, single molecules. The three main ones are glucose, fructose, and galactose.

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5
Q

Disaccharides include:

A

maltose, sucrose, and lactose.

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6
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Polysaccharides are formed by many glucose molecules together by chemical bonds. (they are sometimes called complex carbohydrates.

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7
Q

which carbohydrate form is this… ‘can be broken down immediately to form ATP, and provides instant energy.

A

Monosaccharides.

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8
Q

examples of polysaccharides include:

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose, and heparin.

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9
Q

Which carbohydrate form is this?
form plant cell walls, how plants and animals store energy for later use.

A

glycogen

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10
Q

describe unsaturated fatty acids

A

When the fatty acid has one or more triple bonds between the carbon atoms then the fatty acid is described as being somatic.
They are bent, usually form oils, and tend to be liquid at room temperature.

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11
Q

describe a saturated fatty acid:

A

They contain all single covalent bonds, have a straight shape, usually form fats, and they tend to be solid at room temperature.

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12
Q

Phosplipids:

A

form cell membranes, are two fatty acids joined to a phosphate group.

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13
Q

Steroids:

A

form cholesterol, are four interconnected rings, forms adrenal cortex and gonadal hormones, helps stabilise cell membranes.

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14
Q

triglycerides:

A

Found inside adipocytes, forms animal fats and plant oils, three fatty acids joined to glycerol, and a form of energy storage.

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15
Q

the overall _________ of a protein determines its _____________ function.

A

the overall structure of a protein determines its biological function.

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16
Q

fibrous protein shapes:

A

long fibrous strands.

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17
Q

Globular proteins shapes:

A

compact spherical shapes.

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18
Q

globular protein examples:

A

Albumin, haemoglobin, hormones, enzymes, antibodies, complements, function proteins.

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18
Q

fibrous protein examples:

A

collagen, actin, keratin, structure or movement proteins, myosin

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19
Q

what are essential amino acids?

A

they are acids that the body can’t synthesise but they are essential, so we have to ingest the from foods.

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19
Q

how many different types of amino acids are there?

A

20

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20
Q

when a protein is denatured:

A

only its primary structure remains.

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21
Q

What are the levels of organisations of proteins?

A

Primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary and quaternary structure.

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22
Q

what is the structure of an enzyme?

A

it is a globular protein with an active site that allows specific substances to bind them. (lock and key)

23
Q

what is the function of an enzyme?

A

and enzyme speeds up chemical reactions before they are biological catalysts. They bond specific substances causing break or form.

24
Q

what is your metabolism?

A

Your metabolism is a term meaning all the chemical reactions that occur in your body. They either make or break bonds between atoms that form molecules.

25
Q

describe catabolic reactions:

A

glycogenolysis: breakdown of glycogen.
glycolysis = breakdown of glucose.
lipolysis = breakdown of lipids. (triglycerides)
proteolysis = breakdown on proteins.

26
Q

explain the energy currency of the cell:

A

It stores energy and is created when bonds within a larger molecule is broken. Energy stored within the ATP molecule is used to ‘power’ most cellular processes including the formation of bonds during anabolic reactions.

27
Q

Anabolic reactions:

A

gluconeogenisis = creation of new glucose.
glycogenesis = creation of glycogen.
ketogenesis = creation of ketones.
lipogenesis = creation of lipids.

28
Q

What does kilojoule mean?

A

Kilojoule is the unit used to measure energy.

29
Q

what is cellular respiration?

A

cellular respiration is the process that cells use to create ATP/energy from the nutrients in the food that we eat, specifically glucose.
- glycolysis.
- Krebs cycle
- electron transport chain

30
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

on the cytosol

31
Q

where does the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain occur?

A

in the mitochondria

32
Q

what is the electron transport chain?

A

the electron transport chain is a series of proteins built into the inner membrane of the mitochondria.

33
Q

glycolysis is the process of:

A

glucose being converted into pyretic acid.

34
Q

The Krebs cycle is:

A

a sequence of chemical reactions that occur in the mitochondria. It starts and ends with Acetyl CoA.

35
Q

The term aerobic means

A

that it requires oxygen.

36
Q

The product of aerobic glycolysis is:

A

acetyl CoA and the product of anaerobic glycolysis is lactic acid.

37
Q

Glycolysis

A

breakdown of glucose to form pyruvic acid

38
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen to form glucose

39
Q

Glycogenesis

A

creation glycogen from glucose

40
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

creation of glucose from non-carbohydrates (amino acids and glycerol)

41
Q

What is lipolysis?

A

lipolysis is the breakdown of triglycerides to form fatty acids and glycerol.

42
Q

what is lipolysis?

A

lipolysis is the breakdown of triglycerides to form fatty acids and glycerol.

43
Q

what is lipogenesis?

A

lipogenesis is the formation of triglycerides from glycerol and fatty acids.

44
Q

What is ketogenesis?

A

ketogenesis is the formation of ketones from acetyl CoA. This occurs when triglycerides are being broken down and enter the blood rapidly.

45
Q

dietary proteins are broken down into _____________ by ___________ in the digestive tract before being absorbed into the blood.

A

dietary proteins are broken down into amino acids by enzymes in the digestive tract before being absorbed into the blood.

45
Q

What is ketosis?

A

ketosis is the build up of ketones in the blood.

46
Q

amino acids are taken up into cells by _______________

A

active transport.

47
Q

What is lipogenesis?

A

lipogenesis is the formation of triglycerides from glycerol and fatty acids

48
Q

What is ketogenesis?

A

ketogenesis is the formation of ketones from acetyl CoA

49
Q

What is ketosis?

A

ketosis is the build up of ketones in the blood.

50
Q

amino acids may be used to:

A
  • make new proteins (protein synthesis)
  • used to make ATP.
51
Q

why is nitrogen required?

A

nitrogen is required to form the amine groups of the amino acids that form proteins.

52
Q

nitrogen balance is?

A

when the rate of protein synthesis is equal to the rate of protein breakdown.

53
Q

when there is more protein available than is needed to make new proteins, what happens?

A

Amino acids are broken down to form ATP or converted to triglycerides and stored in adipose tissue.

54
Q

what is transamination?

A

transamination is the transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another, especially from an amino acid to a keto acid.

55
Q

what is deamination?

A

deamination is the removal of an amino group from an amino acid or other compound.

56
Q

what are keto acids?

A

keto acids are alternative fuels when glucose in short supply.

HAP test 1 (4 decks)

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