Biochemistry Flashcards
1
Q
What is the risk factors for diverticular disease?
A
- Increasing age
- Increased meat consumption
- Chronic constipation and low fibre diet
- Hereditary factors
2
Q
Where are inguinal hernias found?
A
Most commonly found superomedial to the pubic tubercle (emerges at superficial inguinal ring).
3
Q
Where are femoral hernias found?
A
Occur just below the inguinal ligament, where there is weakness in the femoral canal. Inferolateral to pubic tubercle and medial to femoral pulse.
4
Q
What are umbilical and incisional hernias?
A
- Found at umbilical region
- Bulge or protrusion at site of previous surgical incision
5
Q
Describe Lynch syndrome (HNPCC)
A
- Autosomal dominant - mutations in mismatch repair genes
- Suspect if >3 affected relatives (one 1st degree), from 2 successive generations, of whom one was affected <50 yrs old.
- Colonscopic surveillance (at least biennial) from 25-75 yrs
- Generally in proximal colon
6
Q
Describe FAP
A
- Mutation in APC tumour suppressor gene - autosomal dominant
- Causes multiple colorectal adenoma (<100 in classical disease) which undergo malignancy transformation to carcinoma
- Surveillance sigmoidoscopy from 12yr with prophylactic surgery usually <25yrs guided by polyp number, size and dysplasia
- Pancolonic (whole colon) + rectum
7
Q
What is Peutz-Jeghers syndrome?
A
- Hamartamous polyps
- 10-20% risk of colorectal cancer etc
- Due to germline mutations in STK11, a tumour suppressor gene.
8
Q
What are the diagnoses for bowel obstruction?
A
- Intraluminal e.g. gall stone ileus
- In the wall e.g. cancer, stricture
- Outside the wall e.g. hernia, adhesions
