Biochemistry

Question 1

2 parts of glycogen

Answer 1

glycogenin

multiple glucose molecules bonded together in chains

Question 2

bonds found in glycogen molecules

Answer 2

alpha 1-4 straight

alpha 1-6 branches

Question 3

process which produces glycogen

Answer 3

glycogenesis

Question 4

UDP-glucose role

Answer 4

activated intermediate

Question 5

rate limitng enzyme of glycogen production

Answer 5

hexakinase

Question 6

gluconeogenesis produces glucose from 3 molecules

Answer 6

amino acids
lactate
glycerol

Question 7

what is the cori cycle

Answer 7

recycles lactate formed by anaerobic respiration

Question 8

where is the cori cycle

Answer 8

in liver

Question 9

energy cost of cori cycle

Answer 9

6 ATP

Question 10

break down of glycogen

Answer 10

inverse reaction of glycogenesis

Question 11

fates of the monomer subunits of glycogen breakdown

Answer 11

glucose in blood

glycolysis in muscles

Question 12

3 types of lipid

Answer 12

simple
compound
steroid

Question 13

what are lipids soluble in

Answer 13

insoluble in water

Question 14

2 components in triglycerides

Answer 14

3 fatty acids

glycerol backbone

Question 15

products of beta oxidation

Answer 15

using triglycerides
1 acetyl CoA
1 FADH2
1 NADH +H2
1 fatty AcylCoA - 2 carbons

Question 16

4 step synthesis of fatty acid occurs

Answer 16

condensation
reduction
dehydration
reduction and release

Question 17

lipogenesis

Answer 17

de novo synthesis of fatty acids
insulin promotes storage
glucagon signals breakdown
citrate is allosteric

Question 18

liver glycogen

Answer 18

is a storage system to maintain the blood glucose between meals

Question 19

muscles glycogen

Answer 19

provides a source of energy to muscle tissue during exercise

Question 20

what is gluconeogenesis powered by

Answer 20

oxidation of lipids

Question 21

glucose-6-phosphate in the liver

Answer 21

is converted to glucose

Question 22

glucose-6-phosphate in muscles

Answer 22

provides energy - glycolysis etc

Question 23

carnitine shuttle

Answer 23

transport fats into mitochondria

converting to acetyl CoA

Question 24

energy level of beta oxidation

Answer 24

each acetyl-CoA makes 1 FADH2, 3NADH, 1 GTP
FADH2 - 1.5 ATP
NADH - 2.5 ATP
GTP - 1 ATP

Question 25

ketones

Answer 25

are produced in the mitochondria of the liver | diffuse out to the peripheries and used in the heart and kidneys and converted back to acetyleCoA

Question 26

fatty acid synthesis

Answer 26

a starter chain is attached to ACP | acetylCoA and malonylCoA are used to add 2 C atoms per cycle, this consumed NADPH

Question 27

synthesis of triglycerides

Answer 27

glycerol-3-phosphate and 3 fatty acids form a triglyceride through esterification

Question 28

break down of amino acids

Answer 28

produce NH3 and NH4 both are toxic

Question 29

amino acid absorption

Answer 29

proteolytic enzymes in the stomach/intestine produce single amino acids absorbed into intestinal cells and released into the blood

Question 30

amino acid protein turnover

Answer 30

tightly regulated multiple different rates damaged proteins have to be removed

Question 31

transamination

Answer 31

moving the amino group from an amino acid to an alpha keto acid happens in all tissues uses a TCA intermediate these are transported to the liver

Question 32

deamination

Answer 32

conversion of amino groups to free ammonium ions

Question 33

synthesis of urea

Answer 33

uses water happens in the mitochondrial matrix way of making the toxic NH4 through less toxic products to urea that can be excreted

Question 34

2 types of amino acids

Answer 34

ketogenic - degraded to acetylCoA and can form ketone bodies glucogenic - degraded to pyruvate