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GI > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

muscles of mastication

A 
temporalis
masseter
medial ptyerygoid 
lateral pterygoid
supplied by CN V3
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2
Q

oral cavity nerve suppply

A

superior half CN V2
inferior half CN V3
orbicularis oris CN VII
gag reflex motor CN IX and CN X, sensory CNIX

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3
Q

parotid gland

A

secretes into mouuth by upper 2nd molar CN IX

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4
Q

submandibular

A

enters floor of mouth and secretes via lingual caruncle CN VII

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5
Q

sublingual

A

lays in floor of mouth and secretes via several ducts CN VII

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6
Q

tongue papillae

A

foliate
vallate
fungiform
filiform - no taste buds

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7
Q

posterior third of tongue

A

vertical

CN IX for taste and general sensation

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8
Q

anterior 2 thirds of tongue

A

horizontal
CN VII taste
CN V3 supplies general sensory

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9
Q

tonsils

A

aggregates of lymphoid tissue

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10
Q

outer layer constrictor muscles of pharynx

A

superior, middle and inferior constrictor muscles

CN X

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11
Q

inner layer longitudinal muscles of pharynx

A

elevate larynx
close laryngeal inlet
shorten pharynx
CN X and CN IX

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12
Q

upper oesophageal sphincter

A

anatomical
at C6 level
cricopharyngeus

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13
Q

IVC, oesophagus and aorta pass through diaphragm

A

IVC - T8
oesophagus - T10
aorta - T12

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14
Q

layers of the digestive tract wall

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
adventitia

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15
Q

muscle types in oesophagus

A

upper 1/3 skeletal

lower 2/3 smooth

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16
Q

peritoneum

A

a continuous membrane that lines the abdominal cavily walls and organs

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17
Q

peritoneal cavity

A

space between the viscerla and parietal layers

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18
Q

intraperitoneal organs

A

covered in visceral peritoneum
minimal motility
liver, gallbladder, stomach, spleen, transverse colon, small bowel

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19
Q

retroperitoneal

A

only has visceral peritoneum on the anterior surface
no mobility
kidneys, pancreas, ascending and decending large bowel

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20
Q

organs with mesentery

A

visceral peritoneum wraps around organ to form double layer
very mobile
mesentery has blood supply and lymphatics
small bowel, transverse and sigmoid colon

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21
Q

greater omentum

A

extends from greater curvature of stomach doubles back uo to the transverse colon
4 layers

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22
Q

lesser omentum

A

extends from liver to lesser curvature of stomach

2 layers

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23
Q

sacs

A

omentum divides the peritoneal cavity into the greater and lesser sacs
2 sacs communicate through the omentum foramen (Winslow)

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24
Q

nerve supply to colon and anal canal

A

pelvic splanchnic nerve S 2, 3, 4

25
Q

regions

A 
right hypochondrium
epigastric
left hypochondrium
right lumbar
umbilical
left lumbar
right inguinal
pubic
left inguinal
26
Q

foregut

A 
T6-T9
oesophagus to D2, liver, gallbladder, spleen, 1/2 pancreas
coeliac axis 
splenic vein
coeliac lymph nodes
27
Q

midgut

A 
T8-T12
D2 to proximal 2/3 transverse colon, 1/2 pancreas 
SMA
superior mesenteric veins 
superior mesenteric lymph nodes
28
Q

hindgut

A 
T12-L2
distal 1/2 transverse colon, proximal 1/2 anal canal
IMA
inferior mesenteric vein
inferior mesenteric lymph nodes
29
Q

areas of stomach

A

fundus
carida
body
pylorus

30
Q

3 phases of gastric secretion

A

cephalic
gastric
intestinal

31
Q

3 secretagogues inducing HCl secretion

A

ACh
gastrin
histamine

32
Q

hypothalamic control of hunger

A

orexigenic neurons go to the feeding centre in the lateral hypothalmic area stimulates appetite
anorexiogenic neurons go to the satiety centre in the ventromedial nuclei and inhibits appetite

33
Q

Brunner’s gland

A

in submucosa, release alkaline mucous to neutralise acidic chyme

34
Q

small bowel absorption

A 
lipids
Na and water balance 
carbohydrates 
proteins 
calcium 
iron 
vitamins
35
Q

motility

A

segmentation
peristalsis
colonic mass movement

36
Q

venous drainage

A

inferior mesenteric vein (hindgut) into splenic vein (foregut) and superior mesenteric vein (midgut) into hepatic portal vein into IVC

37
Q

key features of large bowel

A 
haustra 
teniae coli
omental appendices 
splenic flexure lies more superior than hepatic flexure
colonic folds, crypts and microvilli
38
Q

primary function of large bowel

A

net absorption of Na, Cl, water
absorption of short chain fatty acids
net secretion of K, HCO3, mucus

39
Q

levator ani muscle

A

relaxes for defaecation
tonically constracted to hold pelvis organs
reflexively contracts further during coughing/sneezing
has openings
made up of smaller muscles suborectalis, pubococcgyeus, ileococcygeus
supplied by pudendal nerve S2,3,4

40
Q

rectal varices

A

related to portal hypertension, dilation of collateral veins

41
Q

haemorrhoids

A

prolapse of rectal venous plexuses, due to increased pressure

42
Q

internal anal sphincter

A

smooth muscle (involuntary)
superior 2/3 of anal canal
contraction by sympathetic nerves
contracted all the time

43
Q

external anal sphincter

A

skeletal muscle (voluntary)
inferior 1/3 of anal canal
contraction by puodenal nerve
voluntary contraction in response to rectal ampulla distension

44
Q

ishioanal fossae

A

on either side of anal canal
filled with fat and loose connective tissue
risk site for abscess formation

45
Q

pectinate line

A

embryological line between the endoderm and ectoderm

46
Q

nerve supply to rectum and anal canal

A 
Sympathetics (motor)
T12-L2
Travel to inferior mesenteric ganglia, synapse, travel vis periarterial plexuses
Cause contraction of internal anal sphincter
Inhibits peristalsis
Parasympathetics (motor)
S2, 3, 4
Via pelvic-splanchnic nerves
Inhibit internal anal sphincter
Stimulate peristalsis
Visceral Afferents (sensory)
S2, 3, 4
Run with parasympathetics
Sense stretch, ischaemia 
Somatic Motor
Pudendal nerve (S2, 3, 4)
Nerve to levator ani (S3, 4)
Contraction of external anal sphincter & Puborectalis
47
Q

liver functions

A 
carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism
production and secretion of bile
storage
immune protection
interaction with hormones 
detoxify and metabolise drug
48
Q

lobes of liver

A

right
left
caudate
quadrate

49
Q

portal triad

A

hepatic artery proper
hepatic bile duct
portal vein

50
Q

portal hypertension

A

oesophageal varices
caput medusae
rectal varices

51
Q

phase 1 reaction in liver

A

oxidise
reduce
hydrolyse
make the drug more polar

52
Q

phase 2 reaction in liver

A

add on another functional group to the polarised molecule

53
Q

parts of gallbladder

A

fundus
body
neck
cystic duct

54
Q

Calot’s triangle

A

where the cystic artery is located

made by the cystic duct, common hepatic duct, liver

55
Q

spleen

A

supplied by splenic artery
intraperitoneal
protected by ribs 9-11
breaks down RBC to produce bilirubin

56
Q

parts of pancreas

A

head
neck
body
tail

57
Q

arterial supply to pancreas

A

inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery originates from SMA

superior pancreaticoduodenal srtery comes from the gastrodudenal artery

58
Q

nerve supply to pancreas

A

parasympathetic from vagus

sympathetic from abdominopelvic splanchnic

GI (10 decks)

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